2. What are the two main phagocytic cell types involved in innate immunity? How do they know what to attack and eat?

Q: Describe the gross anatomy and histology of the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen?

A: We know that Lymph node, thymus, and spleen are the parts of the immune system of the body. The…

Q: 6. What process generates the millions of different antigen receptors found on B and T cells?

A: Both B cells and T cells have millions of different antigens, the data for which is too much to be…

Q: 12. Why do we have an immune system? Why do we need an immune system?

A: An organism's immune system is a sophisticated and highly specialised network of cells, tissues, and…

Q: Describe how the skin and mucous membranes play an integral role in helping the body protect itself…

A: Skin surface  and all the mucous membrane forms a physical barrier against antigen. It…

Q: What two processes contribute to immune tolerance

A: Introduction: Immune tolerance is the state of being unresponsive to the immunological system and…

Q: 8. Where are the antigens that T cells recognize and bind to?

A: Antigen is a substance that enters the body and starts a process that can cause disease. The body…

Q: 6. B cells are most important in the _______ immunity type of _______ immunity.? .A.Cellular;…

A: Introduction :- The lymphocyte class known as B cells is in charge of the humoral immunity portion…

Q: 11. What happens when B cells proliferate in response to signaling from a helper T cell?

A: We know that B cells synthesize and secrete antibodies whereas T-cells do not make antibodies .…

Q: Why people get AIDS?

A: AIDS stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a chronic disease that leads to a decrease…

Q: List the vertebrate’s three lines of defense against disease. 2. What three steps do all adaptive…

A: Vertebrates  These are the group of animals which are distinguished by the presence of backbone or…

Q: 3. The most common type of leukocyte (white blood cell) in humans is the neutrophil. Which statement…

A: Immune system is responsible for protecting the body against the pathogen.

Q: e the normal immune

A: W know Human body have their own system to protect themselves from harmful bacteria, Viruses which…

Q: .In some viral infections, interferons, which are hydrophilic, are secreted by some white blood…

A: The immune system has numerous types of immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells,…

Q: 4. Where is the spleen located in the body?

A: The spleen can be defined as the organ of the body that belongs to the lymphatic organ system. The…

Q: 3. TH cell differentiation: Naïve T cells become fully activated after 3 signals and differentiate…

A: Lymphocytes are also known as "White Blood cells". These are known to play a crucial role in the…

Q: 3. Vaccinations increase the number of lymphocytes with receptors that can bind to the pathogen…

A: Introduction :- Vaccinations are a proven and effective way to prevent the spread of infectious…

Q: 1. List and describe 4 examples of barrier defenses.

A: Introduction  Natural barriers and the immune system protect the body against infection-causing…

Q: - Interferons are synthesized by cells in response to many different viral infections. The common…

A: *Interferon are release by the cells whenever the virus attacks the cells that helps the body's…

Q: 4. Describe how macrophage polarization is used in wound healing. Which cytokines are up and down…

A: Macrophage polarization is the process by which macrophage generate definite effective phenotype as…

Q: Is, what is an autoimmune disease?

A: autoimmune disease :- it is a condition in which human's immune system mistakenly attacks the body.…

Q: Why do tissues swell during inflammation? Tissues swell during inflammation because of the volume of…

A: Inflammation is a sort of immunological response that creates during the time of injury or invasion…

Q: Contrast the Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses. How do these differences allow for…

A: Antibody response is the reaction between antibodies produced by the immune cells and the antigens…

Q: Why people get AIDS?

A: AIDS stands for an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is a chronic disease that leads to a…

Q: 3. Adjuvants are substances that slow, but do not stop, the release of an antigen from an injection…

A: An adjuvant is an component present in certain injections that helps produce a stronger immune…

Q: 1. Describe how do you make monoclonal antibodies for a new protein that you have isolated. Name 2…

A: Genes produce proteins as their final products. DNA is converted to mRNA, which is then translated…

Q: In what ways does TGF-beta act as both a stimulator and inhibitor of the inflammatory response?

A: TGF-β stands for Transforming growth factor Beta, it is a cytokine (protein secreted by immune cells…

Q: 5. The type of phagocytotic leukocyte that increases in early stages of bacterial infections is the

A: The immune system of the human body consists of white blood cells, thymus, spleen and other…

Q: During inflammation, basophils release an anticoagulant called __________ and a vasodilator called…

A: In the human body, blood is considered the fluid that plays a significant role in the transportation…

Q: 1. Name and briefly describe the function of three different classes of proteins that participate in…

A: 1) Three classes of proteins involved in recognition events to regulate immune responses are:…

Q: 2. In what types of diseases have MSCs been used to modulate the immune response?

A: Multipotent stem cells known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may develop into a number of cell…

Q: 2.Describe the relationship between physical activity and immune function and disease…

A: The ability of the organism to recognize and differentiate between the self and non-self particles…

Q: . How do plants protect themselves from foreign bodies? 2.How do some bacteria and fungi benefit…

A: plants protect themselves from foreign bodies is by having an intact and impenetrable barrier…

Q: What are the 2 divisions of the immune system? and What are the 5 parts of the immune system?

A: The immune system is a complicated network of cells and proteins that protects the body from…

Q: 6

A: Health generally refers to the well-being of a person such that a stable equilibrium is maintained…

Q: 1. Describe how do they engineer T cells to be used to successfully treat cancer? Can you think of…

A: Cancer, also named malignancy, is an unusual extension of cells. There are higher than 100 kinds of…

Q: What is Innate immune response? (immune System).

A: An organism has the ability to fight and create resistance in the body against infection from…

Q: te on the validity of the following statement from the post: “Our babies would be protected from…

A: Since you have asked multiple questions , we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: 4. One of the main differences between an immature B cell and a plasma cell is the amount of…

A: Cells are the basic elements of all living organisms. A human body is made up of billions of cells.…

Q: 3. Complete the chart below by filling in the broad characteristics of each family of cytokines and…

A: Cytokines are signaling particles that play a significant part within the immune system and…

Q: Define the role of the Thymus in the immune system.

A: The human body consists of various systems one such is an immune system that consists of various…

Q: 9

A: Health generally refers to the well-being of a person such that a stable equilibrium is maintained…

Q: 7. True or false?  The only way to achieve active immunity to a disease is to have been infected…

A: Immunity to a disease is achieved through  the presence of antibodies  . The person gets infected…

Q: 4. What are the main COVID-19 treatment strategies (with examples)? What is the mechanism of action…

A: COVID-19 stands for Coronavirus Disease 2019. It is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2…

Q: 3. The inflammatory response: What is it, and what are the symptoms?

A: Introduction The body is protected from the invasion of foreign antigens by several layers of immune…

Q: 3. Viruses, such as SARS-COV2, can cause disease if they are not eliminated by the immune system.…

A: A viral infection is open out of a dangerous virus throughout your body.  The virus makes copies of…

Q: 1. What are the functions of MHC I and MHC II? Which cells have MHC I? Which cells have MHC 2? Do…

A: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) it's a tightly linked cluster of genes, which plays an…

Defense Mechanism

Circumstances influence and compel people to behave in a certain way. One such behavior is a defense mechanism. It is employed by people to escape from unpleasant circumstances, thoughts and actions. Defense mechanisms are, thus, psychological strategies that help to avert and avoid unwanted feelings such as guilt or shame and situations such as threat and danger.