2. What is the structure of SARS-CoV-2 virus? What are the immune responses to COVID-19 infection? What is the cytokine storm? What are B cell and T cell responses? Which antibody is produced first, and which 2-3 weeks after COVID-19 infection?

Q: Under what circumstances is having a fever beneficial? Under what circumstances is having a fever…

A: FEVER It is the condition of an increased body temperature which is not a disease but a symptom.  B…

Q: 6. Why have different classes of antibodies (i.e. IgD, IgE)?

A: In warm-blooded creatures i.e mammals, antibodies are ordered into five fundamental classes or…

Q: 5. Which types of cells can establish the immunological memory necessary for adaptive immunity?…

A: B and T cells can establish the immunological memory necessary for adaptive immunity. B cell…

Q: 9. Which of the following antibody classes or isotypes facilitate the sequential binding of the C1,…

A: Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulin.These are the protein which are made by plasma cell .…

Q: munity. .A.Cellular; specific B.Cellular; innate C.Humoral; specific D.Humoral; innate .

A: Immunity is the resistance to disease. The two important components of immunity are innate and…

Q: 15. Why might people need another SARS-CoV

A: A brand-new coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 initially appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. It…

Q: 19. The part of the antibody that combines with the antigenic determinants called: O medial region O…

A: According to our guideline we can answer only the first question. So, upload the questions…

Q: Which is a chemical of the second line defense?     none of the above     cytokines, thymosines,…

A: The innate or non-specific immunity forms the first line of defense against non-self pathogens.

Q: What are 3 good reasons that a greater proportion of the population must be vaccinated to stop the…

A: Measles is a contagious disease which is caused by a rubeola virus of paramyxoviriade family which…

Q: 107. Put the events of a type I hypersensitivity reaction in order. allergen attaches to IgE…

A: Adaptive Immune reaction is the type of host defense mechanism that protects the host from…

Q: Which of the following describes passive immunity? Note: This is a multiple question, choose the…

A: When an individual receives antibodies to a disease instead of developing them by his or her own…

Q: diversity of antibodies

A: Antibodies: The proteins which play a crucial role in the immune system by recognizing and…

Q: 2. Describe the immunoserological characteristics of a hepatitis B-related antigen. 3. Describe the…

A: Note: As you have posted multiple questions and the specific question to be answered is not been…

Q: 4. Clinical features of disorders due to the breakdown of immunological tolerance.

A: Disorders due to breakdown of immunological tolerance are also known as autoimmune disorders. These…

Q: Is, what is an autoimmune disease?

A: autoimmune disease :- it is a condition in which human's immune system mistakenly attacks the body.…

Q: Contrast the Primary and Secondary Antibody Responses. How do these differences allow for…

A: Antibody response is the reaction between antibodies produced by the immune cells and the antigens…

Q: Describe the changes in innate immunity due to immunosenescence.

A: It is our immune system that protects our body against infections and diseases. It regulates wound…

Q: 4. Define adaptive immunity and describe how it differs from innate immunity.

A: Introduction:- Immunity is a complicated biological system with the ability to recognise and accept…

Q: What are the differences between the 4 types of hypersensitivity?

A: Definition:Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated or excessive immune responses to foreign…

Q: 91. Put the events of a type I hypersensitivity reaction in order. allergen attaches to IgE…

A: The  events of a type I hypersensitivity reactions in order is; First -> allergen attsches to IgE…

Q: 2. The following is false about the junctional diversity of antibodies? A. insertion of none-coded…

A: V(D)J recombination is the type of somatic recombination in immune cells like lymphocytes. This is…

Q: 1. Describe how do you make monoclonal antibodies for a new protein that you have isolated. Name 2…

A: Genes produce proteins as their final products. DNA is converted to mRNA, which is then translated…

Q: 5. What are the types of COVID-19 vaccines? What are RNA vaccines and their advantages? What are the…

A: COVID-19, short for "coronavirus disease 2019," is a highly contagious respiratory illness caused by…

Q: It is the first step of the Non-specific host resistance and the immune system itself.

A: Immune system  Immune system is ability of the body to fight with foreign objects like bacteria,…

Q: 1. What causes antigen-antibody precipitation and agglutination

A: Since you have asked multiple questions, we will solve the first question for you. If you want any…

Q: 7. Of the millions of antigen receptors, how many types would be found on a single B or T cell?

A: Answer : B and T cells are mainly the cells used in the immune system of the body.  They are…

Q: Examples of PAMPs include. check all that apply   Toll receptorsunchecked…

A: When a pathogenic microorganism enters our body it causes infection, to protect from that our immune…

Q: presentation of the viral spike protein on MHC I? Describe the cellular response, ending with the…

A: Class 1 MHC proteins on the surface of most cells displays peptide that are formed by proteolysis of…

Q: Molecular mechanisms of T-cell central tolerance.

A: T-cells These cells are vital types of white blood cells of the immune system and develop from the…

Q: 2. Briefly list three mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies that bind to viruses or virally…

A: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-made proteins that can mimic the immune system's ability…

Q: For which of the following reasons is the severity of the COVID-19 pandemic in developing countries…

A: The main reason behind the severity of COVID-19 in developing countries is the:   Low vaccination…

Q: immunosenescence.

A: Immunosenescence refers to the age-associated decline of the immune system which may contribute to…

Q: Some pathogens invade cells others invade tissue spaces. Explain how nonspecific immune response…

A: Bacterial pathogens have evolved a wide range of strategies to colonize and invade human organs,…

Q: Compare how long active immunity and passive immunity last. Explain the difference between the two…

A: Immunity refers to state of body due to which an individual have capability to fight against disease…

Q: 4. What are the main COVID-19 treatment strategies (with examples)? What is the mechanism of action…

A: COVID-19 stands for Coronavirus Disease 2019. It is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2…

Q: Pathogens have evolved a number of ways to "thwart" adaptive immunity. Describe two mechanisms used…

A: Adaptive immunity Adaptive immunity is defined as immunity that is developed due to an encounter…