1. Name and briefly describe the function of three different classes of proteins that participate in recognition events to regulate immune responses. 2. Toll receptors bind ligands through diverse mechanisms. Briefly describe the three binding mechanisms discussed in class for TLR1/2, TLR3 and TLR4.
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- 1. Which of the following statements about CD4+ Th17 cells are true? i. Cannot form T effector memory (TEM) T cell populations ii. Require the master transcription factor RORgammaT for their development iii. Produce effector cytokines IL-17 and IL-22 which help recruit neutrophils and stimulate antimicrobial peptide production iv. Do not require the transcription factor NFAT for IL-2 production downstream of TCR activation v. Important for defense against intracellular bacterial infection only a. i and iii b. ii and v c. ii and iii d. ii, iii, iv e. i, ii, and iv1. What cells in the innate immunity are responsible for causing phagocytosis? Explain briefly and elaborate the cell involved. 2. What are the major cells involved in eliciting the actions of adaptive immunity? Explain briefly and elaborate the cells involved.1. Review the following link (don't get caught up in details) to determine if our immune cells use paracrine signaling during immune response? https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/immune-cells 2. Determine if histamine which is released during allergy is an example of paracrine signaling or not? https://www.hoffmancentre.com/mast-cell-activation-syndrome-histamine- immune-system-runs-rampant/
- 13.Which is NOT an example of innate defense? 13.Which is NOT an example of innate defense? Note: This is a multiple question, choose the correct answer below: secretion of interferons The arrival of neutrophils in an area of injury a macrophage phagocytizing a bacterium an antibody that neutralizes an antigen secretion of interferons The arrival of neutrophils in an area of injury a macrophage phagocytizing a bacterium an antibody that neutralizes an antigen1. Describe at the molecular level the common or shared critical components and functions of the molecules that comprise Toll-like receptors (TLRS), excluding the decoy TLR present on some human cells.6. What is an immunoglobulin? Describe the structure of an immunoglobulin molecule (light chain and heavy chain). ONLY answer question (b) b. How is complement activated? What are the effects of complement activation?
- The emphasis in innate immunity is that it is non-specific. Explain how two different factors/parts of the human innate immune system are not specific to a particular pathogen.” “2. Antibodies are a crucial part of adaptive immunity. Discuss the structure of an antibody and how the adaptive immune system is capable of producing different antibodies for a wide variety of antigens.” “3. The innate and adaptive immune systems typically communicate with each other. Which system acts first and then communicates with the other? Why would this be advantageous?Antibodies can have multiple mechanisms of action. The main mechanism is "flagging" a foreign body for phagocytosis and degradation. Another mechanism is... Select one: a. Binding of the Fc domain to T cells for cooperative antigen recognition and destruction. b. Altering the local pH by the formation of carbamate upon reaction with CO2 to denature protein antigens. c. Binding of the variable region to multiple different/distinct sites on the antigen. d. None of these. e. Binding of the antigen in regions essential for its function.1. When encountering antigen, describe the mechanism of antigen presentation by B cells. 2. Compare / contrast the advantages and disadvantages of active immunity with passive immunity. 3. Does antibody directly destroy a microbe? EXPLAIN. 4. Use the following terms to construct a coherent mechanism for cell mediated immunity: Interleukin, perforin, CD4 cells, CD8 cells, dendritic cells, MHC class I and class II 5. Upon invasion by a microbial antigen with multiple epitopes (antigenic determinants), What makes clonal selection for T cells and B cells relevant? 6. Why have different classes of antibodies (i.e. IgD, IgE)? 7. Why is the primary and secondary responses to antigen important for the host and for clinical diagnosis? 8. Are all adaptive immune responses the same? EXPLAIN.
- 1. usually, what type of molecules are present in the peripheral SMAC? 2. usually, what type of cell is on the other side of the T-cell synapse?5. A patient receives a donor kidney to replace diseased kidney tissue. Consider and answer the following: B) list two similarities and two differences between response mechanisms of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells to the tissue graft in the absence of immune suppression.4.Which of the following immune responses occurs when a cytotoxic T cell is activated? Note: This is a multiple question, choose the correct answer below: Cytotoxic T cells release histamine molecules that signal the blood vessels to dilate. Cytotoxic T cells release antibodies that neutralize antigens of pathogens. Cytotoxic T cells release proteins that trigger infected cells to undergo apoptosis and/or cytolysis.