1. Why do you think SNPS are more commonly found in intergenic regions ? a.Because intergenic regions code for proteins that can tolerate mutations much better than regulated genes b.Because intergenic regions are made of sequences of single nucleotides, whereas coding regions are made of sequences of tri-nucleotides called codons c.Because DNA polymerase is more likely to make replication mistakes in intergenic regions than within gene sequences d.Because changes to nucleotides within genes (either in promoters or coding sequence) are more likely to have phenotypic effects, and be selected against through evolution.

5b. When you mutagenize a diploid organism, chances are astronomically high that you will be creating a heterozygote on the spot. Why would your mutation be heterozygous and not homozygous?

1. Describe several different DNA repair mechanisms. Which ones contribute to mutations?   2. What is the difference between an ortholog and a paralog

8. You are studying the biochemical pathway of purrine production. (Purrines are a type of nucleotide used in feline DNA, a little different than the purines in the DNA of lower species like humans.) You have several mutants that cannot make purrine, and you do complementation tests to see how many different genes you've identified. Here are your data: mutant 1 4 6 8 1 3 4 5 + 6 + + + 8. + + 9 + a) What is the deal with mutant #1 and why must you ignore it when figuring out complementation groups? b) For the rest of the problem, ignore mutant #1. List your complementation groups. Hint: every single one of your mutants (except #1 of course) must be in a group. c) How many genes did you, therefore, identify?

The figure below shows the fomation of a bulky-DNA adduct with benzopyrene which is a toxicant commonly found in cigarette smoke. If this adduct were present in a actively transcribed gene in a eukaryote, which genes below would be required to repair this bulky-adduct (select all that apply)?   A. RNA Polymerase II     B. DNA Poymerasel delta     C. XPC     D. DNA Polymerase Beta     E. XPD Helicase

3. Your PhD thesis advisor has given you the task of preparing a human genomic DNA library.  a. How will you prepare DNA fragments from the human genomic DNA for use in construction of this library assuming that you want the insert sizes to be about 20000bp in size? b. What vector will you use for construction of this library? c. How will you ligate the genomic DNA fragments into the vector? d. What host will you use for propagation of your library? e. What probe would you use for screening your library assuming that you wanted to isolate the human insulin gene? f. How many clones would you have to screen to be pretty sure that you will indeed find a clone for insulin?

What did the Hershey / Chase experiments (above) demonstrate about the molecules responsible for genetic inheritance patterns in the T2 bacteriophage? A. the genetic material consists of carbohydrates, not RNA B. the genetic material consists of protein, not lipids C. the genetic material consists of DNA, not polypeptides D. the genetic material consists of protein, not DNA E. the genetic material consists of lipids, not polypeptides

12.please match with the type of mutation

20. Genome imprinting can be the result of silencing genes by methylation of promoter DNA sequences. Which of the following is true? A. They directly inhibit RNA transcription. B. They directly inhibit protein translation. C. They directly inhibit nuclear pore transport. D. They directly inhibit ribosome assembly E. They reduce protein stability.