1 Making contact F plasmid F pilus Chromosome - Origin of transfer Donor cell F* Recipient cell F The F pilus contacts the recipient F- celI. 2 Initiating transfer One strand is cut in the origin of transfer The pilus retracts and pulls the donor and recipient cells together. 3 Transferring DNA A single strand of the F plasmid is transferred to the recipient cell; its complement is synthesized as it enters that cell. The strand transferred by the donor is replaced, using the remaining strand as a template for DNA synthesis. Transfer complete F* cell F+ cell At the end of the transfer process, both the donor and recipient cells are Ft and synthesize the F pilus. FIGURE 8.22 Conjugation-F Plasmid Transfer

1 Making contact F plasmid F pilus Chromosome - Origin of transfer Donor cell F* Recipient cell F The F pilus contacts the recipient F- celI. 2 Initiating transfer One strand is cut in the origin of transfer The pilus retracts and pulls the donor and recipient cells together. 3 Transferring DNA A single strand of the F plasmid is transferred to the recipient cell; its complement is synthesized as it enters that cell. The strand transferred by the donor is replaced, using the remaining strand as a template for DNA synthesis. Transfer complete F* cell F+ cell At the end of the transfer process, both the donor and recipient cells are Ft and synthesize the F pilus. FIGURE 8.22 Conjugation-F Plasmid Transfer

Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life (MindTap Course List)

15th Edition

ISBN:9781337408332

Author:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter20: Viruses, Bacteria, And Archaea

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1DAA: Bacteriophage-Inspired Antibiotics Although bacteriophages have been infecting bacteria for billions...

See similar textbooks

Similar questions

Bacteriophage-Inspired Antibiotics Although bacteriophages have been infecting bacteria for billions of years, no mechanism, has evolved in bacteria to prevent the viruses from lysing the cell walls of their hosts. Now, scientists are targeting the same bacterial wall components that bacteriophages do. The goal is to develop antibiotics that bacteria will be less likely to develop resistance to. FIGURE 20.22 shows the results of a study to test Epimerox, a new bacteriophage-inspired antibiotic, against Bacillus anthracis, the bacterial species that causes the disease anthrax. FIGURE 20.22 Effect of Epimerox on the survival of mice with anthrax. Mice were infected with the bacteria B. anthracis. One group of 15 then began receiving a drug-free buffer solution 3 hours later. Another 15 were treated with Epimerox beginning 3 hours after infection. A third group of 15was treated with Epimerox beginning 24 hours after infection. In studies with Bacillus anthracis cells grown in culture, no Epimerox-resistant cells were observed. Explain why this result is consistent with the scientists' goal for developing this drug.
Decoding a DNA Message 1. CGA ACT AGA TAA CCC TTA TAG AAA TAT ACA CGC TTG TGA AAC ATA ATC CGG CTG CAA CGT TTA ACA CTC CTA ATT AGG ACA TAA CTC TTG ACA CTT ACT TAG AGA ACT CTC CGC TCA TAG GAG ATA ATT TAC TAA AGA TGA CGG TTT CTT TTG ACT CGA AGC ATT TAC CGC CCC TAG ATC 2. AAT CTC CGA GCT TTG TAG TTA CCC ATT TAG AGT ATC TAG TTG TGT CTC GCT CTC AGG TGC TAT TTG CCT ACT
Second letter A G UCU UCC UAU. Tyr UAC. UUU1 Phe UUC. UUA UUG. UGC Ser }Leu UAA Stop UGA Stop UAG Stop |UGG Trp UCA UCG CAU His CUU CỤC CCU ССС ССА CGU CGC Arg Leu CÁCS Pro CỦA CUG CGA CAAGIN CGG, Gln CAG, CCG J AAU Asn ACU АСC АСА AUU AGU Ser AUC }le A AUA AAC. Thr А AGC AGA AUG Met | ACG ] AAG Lys AG. GUU GUC GCU GAU1 AAsp GACS Ala GAA GGU GGC GCC Val Gly GGA G GUA GCA GUG GCGJ GAG Glu GGG Which peptide is the least likely to be made on the ribosome and why? а. Third letter DUAG 5UAG DUAG DUAG First letter
2 3 inte tion of Lormhda. ne att si ucated betwee de ne att sites and go ns one te n vacter aged ot utilize doot ractose ato la t don s gal* uc Integration to form prophage om SOward cor coct some cro on! ni imple ex 2 3 bio* gal* 14. The figure provided portrays the integration of Lambda phage into a host chromosome at the att site, located between the gal+ and bio+ genes. This prophage may disintegrate from the host carrying with it host genes, such as gal+ and/or bio+ and go on to transduce another host bacterium. How would one determine if a gal- host bacterium's phenotype was changed from gal- to gal+? To clarify, the minus version cannot utilize galactose as a carbon source for growth because it does not produce galactase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes galactose into monomeric sugars. There is a straight forward answer/solution to this – do not concoct some crazy solution! Think simple experiment.
Bacteriophage-Inspired Antibiotics Although bacteriophages have been infecting bacteria for billions of years, no mechanism, has evolved in bacteria to prevent the viruses from lysing the cell walls of their hosts. Now, scientists are targeting the same bacterial wall components that bacteriophages do. The goal is to develop antibiotics that bacteria will be less likely to develop resistance to. FIGURE 20.22 shows the results of a study to test Epimerox, a new bacteriophage-inspired antibiotic, against Bacillus anthracis, the bacterial species that causes the disease anthrax. FIGURE 20.22 Effect of Epimerox on the survival of mice with anthrax. Mice were infected with the bacteria B. anthracis. One group of 15 then began receiving a drug-free buffer solution 3 hours later. Another 15 were treated with Epimerox beginning 3 hours after infection. A third group of 15was treated with Epimerox beginning 24 hours after infection. How long did it take for all the mice that received the drug-free buffer alone to die? What function did this group play in the experiment?
HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. How did the researchers know that the radioisotopes in the fluid came from outside of the bacterial cells and not from bacteria that had been broken apart by whirling in the blender?
HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. The extracellular concentration of which isotope increased the most with blending?
HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. Before blending what percentage of each isotope. 35S and 32P, was extracellular (outside the bacteria)?
HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. Do these results imply that viruses inject DNA or protein into bacteria? Why or why not?
HersheyChase Experiments The graph shown in FIGURE 8.5 is reproduced from an original 1952 publication by Hershey and Chase. Bacteriophage were labeled with radioactive tracers and allowed 10 infect bacteria. The virusbacteria mixtures were then whirled in a blender to dislodge any viral components attached to the exterior of the bacteria. Afterward, radioactivity from the tracers was measured. FIGURE 8.5 Detail of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chases 1952 publication describing their experiments with bacteriophage. Infected bacteria refers to the percentage of bacteria that survived the blender. After 4 minutes in the blender, what percentage of each isotope was extracellular?
of estion 9 t of uestion THCA ▶ Sou 100- HC This reaction is Entropy is THC San Leafly ATA RNA polymerase SSSSSSSSSS ATTOGOGACATAA ATGACGGATCAGCCOCAAG UACUOCCUAGUC RNA Transcript TACTOCCTAGTCGGCOTTCOOCTTAACCOCTOTATIT (In this picture, RNA is being made by complementary base pairing with DNA.) This reaction is → Entropy is ◆
Arial BIUA 11 + .. | I 1 I 3 I 4 i.) Fill in the table for each of the E. coli: (0) = No Activity (+) = Basal Activity and (+++) = High Activity E. coli chromosome F' Plasmid B-gal activity? Permease activity? When When When When Glucose is Lactose is Glucose is Lactose is present present present present a.) I+ P+ O+ Z+ Y+ Inone +++ +++ b.) I^[S] P+ O+ Z+ Y+ none c.) I+ P+ O^[c] Z+ Y+ none d.) I+ P+ O- Z- Y+ none e.) I+ P+ O+ Z+ Y+ I^[S] P+ O+ Z+ Y+ f.) I^[S] P+ O+ Z- Y+ I+ P+ O^[c] Z+ Y- g.) I^[TB] P+ O+ Z+ Y 1+ P+ O^[c] Z- Y+ h.) I+ P+ O^[c] Z+ Y- I+ P+ O+ Z** Y+ i.) I^[TB] P+ O^[c] Z+ Y- 1+ P+ O+ Z- Y+ Z** is a polar mutation ii. ) If the lac operon in 'a' carried a mutation in the CAP binding site that rendered it nonfunctional, how would that affect the level of ß-galactosidase protein activity with and without lactose present, why? MacBook Air 000