Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Textbook Question
Chapter 24, Problem 4TYK
In a cladistic analysis, a systematist groups together organisms that share:
derived homologous traits.
derived homoplastic traits.
ancestral homologous traits.
ancestral homoplastic traits.
all of the above.
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Students have asked these similar questions
Match the terms to their descriptors. NOTE: If you want to change your selection, you'll need to delete the one you already chose. After you delete it, the list
of choices will pop back up and you can make a different choice.
Two species evolve in different directions from a common starting
point
Divergent evolution
Two species independently evolve similar structures
Homologous structures
Traits that look similar but were not inherited from a common
Convergent evolution
ancestor
Analogous structures
Traits that are similar because they were inherited from a common
ancestor
The second step of classification is using homologous traits to determine the relationships between organisms. Based on the traits you identified in Exercise 3, it should now be possible to group some of the objects together. Objects that share a derived trait are related to one another, and they should be grouped together. Objects that share multiple shared derived traits are closely related, and they should be subgroups within larger related groups.Describe the groups in which you would place these objects, starting with groups with the largest number of objects and ending with the group with the smallest number of objects.
Define the following terms:
cladistics
phylogenetic tree
clade
cladogram
phenogram
phylogenetic divergence
synapomorphy
Chapter 24 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 24.1 - How does the system of binomial nomenclature...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.2 - What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree...Ch. 24.2 - What are the differences between a monophyletic...Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.5 - How does outgroup comparison facilitate the...Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.6 - What assumption underlies the use of genetic...Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24 - The evolutionary history of a group of organisms...Ch. 24 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 24 - Which of the following does not help systematists...Ch. 24 - In a cladistic analysis, a systematist groups...Ch. 24 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 24 - When systematists study morphological or...Ch. 24 - Which of the following pairs of structures are...Ch. 24 - To construct a phylogenetic tree by applying the...Ch. 24 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 24 - Imagine that you are a systematist studying a...Ch. 24 - Design an Experiment Imagine that you are trying...Ch. 24 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 24 - The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae)...
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- Match Column A with Column B. The use of comparative genomics to infer evolutionary relationships among species The study of macromolecules changes through time inferred phylogeny of a set of DNA sequences an estimated evolutionary history of a set of species The apparently constant rate of change…arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about ancestral and derived traits are true? Ancestral traits are shared by taxa due to common ancestry (e.g., the ancestor had that trait). Derived traits are present in all members of a phylogeny Derived traits are new characteristics that evolved in a lineage after divergence from a common ancestor with an ancestral trait. Ancestral traits are unique to a single species.arrow_forwardConstruct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b)arrow_forward
- Construct a cladogram that provides one hypothesis about the evolutionary history for these 6 taxa. Be sure to map each of the character states for every taxon represented in the character matrix. See tips below to help get you started. You can insert a photo of a hand drawn cladogram or create one on your device. Keep in mind that cladograms are hypotheses, there are many different cladograms that can be constructed. a) Which characteristics were identified as homoplasies on your cladogram? b) Now that your tree has been constructed, how confident do you feel in your hypothesis and why?arrow_forwardA phylogenetic tree is a branching diagram that shows the evolutionary relationship among different biological species or genes or organisms from a common ancestor. They are used as a research tool in various fields. All of the provided statements are true regarding phylogenetic trees, except? It is considered as a hypothesis of the evolutionary path. It is a tool that shows the evolutionary pathway. It shows evolutionary history through common ancestors. It shows only the phenotypic similarity.arrow_forwardCladistics produces a system of naming and classifying organisms. * True False Each line of descent from a common ancestor has different derived characters. * True False In biological nomenclature, the term species would refer to the binomial name. * True Falsearrow_forward
- Based on chapter 5 of our textbook, shared derived traits are not very helpful in constructing cladograms. Group of answer choices True Falsearrow_forwardThe biological species concept primarily focuses on which of the following criteria for defining a species? Interbreeding and reproductive isolation Phylogenetic relationships Ecological roles Morphological similaritiesarrow_forwardWith the given name/s or situation, identify the appropriate rule or principle that must be or was considered. Choices: Principle of binomial nomenclature, principle of priority, principle of coordination, principle of the first reviser, principle of homonymy, principle of typification When Rattus as a genus name was established, its species name, Rattus norvegicus was also automatically established. Noctua Linnæus, 1758 (Lepidoptera) and Noctua Gmelin (Sauropsida) Limax maculatus was established in 1837 by Nunneley. However, it was found that Wiktor has already established Limax maximus (Gastropoda) in 1758. Since L. maximus was the senior synonym, it takes precedence over L. maculatus and it was used for the species. The species name of giraffe is Giraffa camelopardalis.arrow_forward
- Choose the correct descriptions for synapomorphies and apomorphies. Synapomorphy: A derived trait unique to a single species Synapomorphy: A shared derived trait that unites a group of organisms Apomorphy: A trait shared by all members of a group due to common ancestry Apomorphy: A derived trait that can be unique to a single speciesarrow_forwardWhen constructing phylogenetic trees, what is the purpose of applying maximum parsimony? Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious tree requires the maximum evolutionary events. The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied. For trees based on morphology, the most parsimonious is the one that uses the simplest explanation of evolutionary events.arrow_forwardCladistics Exercise: The following is a chart demonstrating the shared derived traits among several clades of animals. The row across the top represents the animals, the column on the left represents a trait. An X in the box shows which animals have the particular trait, and which do not. Take out a piece of paper and draw a diagonal line. Then add the nodes and draw in which species drop off at each node. In other words, construct a cladogram for this chart. Then take a picture of the cladogram and upload it to complete this assignment. Chart of Traits and Species Rhesus Snapping Kangaroo Lamprey Bullfrog Human Tuna Monkey Turtle Dorsal Nerve Cord X X X Vertebral column X X Paired legs X Amniotic sac Mammary Glands Placenta Foramen magnum forward TOTALS of Xs 1 6 3 7 4 2 Amnion (a membrane that holds in the amniotic fluid surrounding the embryo; may or may not be inside an egg shell)arrow_forward
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