Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781305389892
Author: Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillan
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 24, Problem 14TYK
Summary Introduction
To explain:
The traditional evolutionary systematists found that the birds are not included in the reptilia class of vertebrates, despite the fact that this taxon is paraphyletic. The disadvantages of defining paraphyletic taxa in the classification.
Introduction:
A paraphyletic group consist of species that are not descendants of common ancestor. The taxon is divided into three groups, namely monophyletic group, polyphyletic group, and paraphyletic group. The monophyletic group includes the ancestor that is common to all of its descendants and in a polyphyletic group, a common ancestor is not shared among the descendants.
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If a taxonomist constructs a rooted phylogenetic tree for a group of living species, the structure of the tree alone can be used to distinguish hypotheses of monophyly versus nonmonophyly of a particular subgroup. If monophyly is rejected for a particular subgroup, tree topology alone cannot distinguish paraphyly from polyphyly. What additional information is needed to distinguish paraphyly from polyphyly?
As we have discussed in class, phylogenies are hypotheses, and can therefore change
over time with new evidence. Relatively recent and strong molecular evidence (that
we did not discuss in class) suggests that all members of the Subphylum Hexapoda
are derived from a common ancestor within the Subphylum Crustacea, as in the
cladogram shown below. Given this new information, answer the question below.
Note: Don't panic. Some of the names of these groups are new to you (Copepoda,
Malacostraca, and Remipedia are all classes or subclasses within the Subphylum
Crustacea), but this will not affect your ability to answer this question.
Myriapoda
Copepoda
(Crustacea)
Malacostraca
(Crustacea)
Hexapoda
Remipedia
(Crustacea)
If we insisted that all groups must be categorized and named so that taxonomic
ranks/names always include a single common ancestor and all of its descendants,
how would this new evidence change our definition of a hexapod?
Hexapoda and Melacostraca would have to be classified…
Bony fishes, frogs, and salamanders all produces eggs surrounded by a gelatinous layer and need to be kept in water. Turtles, lizards, and birds lay eggs with thick shells that can survive on land. Turtles, lizards and birds form what kind of phylogenetic group? (paraphyletic, monophyletic, polyphyletic)
Chapter 24 Solutions
Biology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 24.1 - How does the system of binomial nomenclature...Ch. 24.1 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.2 - What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree...Ch. 24.2 - What are the differences between a monophyletic...Ch. 24.3 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.3 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.4 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.5 - How does outgroup comparison facilitate the...Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 2SB
Ch. 24.5 - Prob. 3SBCh. 24.6 - What assumption underlies the use of genetic...Ch. 24.6 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 1SBCh. 24.7 - Prob. 2SBCh. 24 - The evolutionary history of a group of organisms...Ch. 24 - Prob. 2TYKCh. 24 - Which of the following does not help systematists...Ch. 24 - In a cladistic analysis, a systematist groups...Ch. 24 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 24 - When systematists study morphological or...Ch. 24 - Which of the following pairs of structures are...Ch. 24 - To construct a phylogenetic tree by applying the...Ch. 24 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 24 - Prob. 14TYKCh. 24 - Imagine that you are a systematist studying a...Ch. 24 - Design an Experiment Imagine that you are trying...Ch. 24 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 24 - The phylogenetic tree for 12 cat species (Felidae)...
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- In a phylogenetic analysis of several bird species, a researcher uses a species of reptile as an outgroup. Which of the following is the main reason for including an outgroup in the analysis? To identify ancestral traits shared by the bird species To determine the overall genetic diversity of the bird species To establish a new monophyletic group including both bird and reptile species To analyze the convergent evolution of bird and reptile speciesarrow_forwardA 2015 article in Nature has summarized the early history of jawed vertebrates using highlights from recent discoveries and how they have changed our understanding of vertebrate evolution. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/04/140416133336.htm Question: Given these recent discoveries, how should the cladogram below change? Describe it. It will likely be helpful to reference a synapomorphy noted on the cladogram.arrow_forwardRepresent through a cladogram the evolutionary relationships among spiders, birds, porifera, Homo sapiens, lampreys, nematodes, tuna, clam and jellyfish by listing them in order from most closely related to most distantly related. Indicate in the cladogram where different types of body symmetry arise in the evolutionary process. pe youranswer here:arrow_forward
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- Choose the correct descriptions for synapomorphies and apomorphies. Synapomorphy: A derived trait unique to a single species Synapomorphy: A shared derived trait that unites a group of organisms Apomorphy: A trait shared by all members of a group due to common ancestry Apomorphy: A derived trait that can be unique to a single speciesarrow_forwardMonophyletic groups are desirable in classification as they Select one: a.reflect evolutionary relationships b. minimise name changes from old to new classifications c. result in fewer groups and are therefore more parsimoniousarrow_forwardList one similarity and one difference between the groups listed below. If a term appears in parentheses after the pair, both your answers must be related to that term (e.g. if the term says "structure" your answer must relate to anatomy). Taxonomic classifications are not acceptable as answers. For example, "Both belong to phylum Chordata" or "One belongs to class Insecta and one belongs to class Arachnida" are both unacceptable answers. Vague answers will receive less or no credit. • Porifera & Cnidaria (body plan) 身arrow_forward
- For novice biologists, taxonomy and phylogenetics are difficult concepts to understand and keep separate. This confusion is made worse because modern taxonomic methods make use of molecular tools. Write an essay that contrasts taxonomy to phylogenetics and explain how both disciplines are important to our understanding of species and evolution. Your essay should include a description of taxonomy and phylogenetics, as well as a detailed explanation about how information is represented in a phylogenetic tree or a cladogram.arrow_forwardDraw a phylogenetic reconstruction for the hypothetical frog species. Once you have a cladogram you feel confident about, use lines and labels on cladogram to indicate where character states hanged. How many evolutionary changes occurred in your phylogeny? Is there evidence of an evolutionary convergence having occurred in your phylogeny? How about evolutionary reversals?arrow_forwardPhylogenetic trees are used to show the evolutionary relationships among various biological species and are usually based upon shared derived characters. In constructing phylogenetic trees, it is useful to first draw up a character table to show the presence or absence of characters among the various groups of organisms being studied. a. Draw up a character table based upon the following shared derived characters of land plants: flowers, seeds, vascular tissues, and dependent embryos. Your character table must include the names/descriptions of the plant groups that are being characterized. b. Construct a phylogenetic tree based on this data.arrow_forward
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Phylogenetic Mysteries: Crash Course Zoology #12; Author: CrashCourse;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cVaw7nF72Aw;License: Standard youtube license