Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The free energy diagram for each of the given reactions is to be drawn. The axes, transition state(s), energy of activation for each step and enthalpy change (
Concept Introduction:
Free energy diagrams are the graphical representations for a reaction in which free energy change in a reaction is monitored with the progress of the reaction. These diagrams are helpful in conveying
Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has unpaired electrons which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Carbocation is a molecule having a carbon atom bearing three bonds and a positive formal charge.
Carbocation are generally unstable because they do not have eight electrons to satisfy the octet rule.
The order of stability of carbocation is such that the tertiary carbocation is the most stable whereas the primary carbocation is the least stable, and secondary carbocation lies between primary and tertiary carbocations.
If primary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to secondary or tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
If secondary carbocation is obtained in product, it rearranges itself to tertiary carbocation to form more stable product.
The stability of carbocation:
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Organic Chemistry
- 7) Consider the following reactions. F2 Meo Meo F2 Meo Meo. a) Draw a reaction co-ordinate diagram that shows the energy pathways for the three reactions shown above (assume the reactants and products have equal energies).arrow_forwarda) Consider the reaction of HBr with ethylene and propylene. At roomtemperature the reaction of propylene with HBr is much faster than thereaction with ethylene.Using reaction energy diagrams and your knowledge of carbocationstability explain why this is so. b) Xylene (dimethylbenzene) is a commonly used chemical in the printingindustry and as a cleaning solvent for oily waste. It is also used whenpreparing histological samples to remove waxes from biological samples.Draw the three possible structures for this compound and give the UPACnames for each. Define which structures are ortho, meta, and para.arrow_forwardConsidering each of the following values and neglecting entropy, tell whether the starting material or product is favored at equilibrium: (a) AH° = 80 kJ/mol; (b) AH° = -40 kJ/mol.arrow_forward
- 2) The equilibrium constant Ke for the reaction A B is 1 x 105 at room temperature (25°C). a) You make a solution containing compound A at a concentration of 1 M and compound B at a concentration of 1 mM of B, and let the reaction proceed to equilibrium. What are the equilibrium concentrations of A and B? b) Calculate the standard free-energy change (AG) for this reaction. c) What is the standard free-energy change (AG) for the inverse reaction (BA)?arrow_forward2) Draw an Energy Diagram, showing the exergonic reaction between reactants A & B to produce the products C (this should be a hump-shaped curve). Show (label) the relative free energies for the reactants and product, the activation energy, the total change in free energy, and with a dotted line show how the curve changes in the presence of an enzyme. Explain why this is considered a spontaneous reaction.arrow_forwardIf the concentration of a reactant increases while a reaction in progress, how does it affect the rate of reaction? (K:1) Select one: It does not have any effect on the rate of reaction Rate of the reaction decreases Rate of the reaction first decreases and then increases. Rate of the reaction first increases and then decreases. O Rate of reaction increasesarrow_forward
- In an exergonic reaction the product(s) will be at a lower free energy state than the reactant(s). Select one: O True Falsearrow_forwardDraw an energy diagram for a reaction in which the products are higher in energy than the starting materials and Ea is large. Clearly label all of the following on the diagram: the axes, the starting materials, the products, the transition state, ΔH°, and Ea.arrow_forwardWhich value (if any) corresponds to a faster reaction: (a) Ea = 40 kJ/mol or Ea = 4 kJ/mol; (b) a reaction temperature of 0 °C or a reaction temperature of 25 °C; (c) Keq = 10 or Keq = 100; (d) ΔHo = −10 kJ/mol or ΔHo = 10 kJ/mol?arrow_forward
- 46. The Strength of Nucleophile: Which one is the strongest nucleophile? OH (B) 0-CH, -CH, (D) O (C) O (A) O (D) O (B)arrow_forward1) Sketch an energy diagram that would show the following:A) An exothermic reaction that is thermodynamically favorable and would occur quickly.B) An exothermic reaction that is thermodynamically favorable and would not occur at a measureablerate.C) An endothermic reaction that is thermodynamically favorable and would occur quickly.arrow_forwardThe following reaction Reactants⟶Product has a positive ΔG value. Select all the true statements from the list below Group of answer choices The reaction is exergonic The reaction in endergonic The reaction is favorable The reaction is unfavorable The free energy associated with the product is lower than that of the reactants The free energy associated with the product is higher than that of the reactantsarrow_forward
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305580350Author:William H. Brown, Brent L. Iverson, Eric Anslyn, Christopher S. FootePublisher:Cengage Learning