Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 9.5, Problem 2C
A decrease in entropy occurs during the CO2 uptake phase of the Calvin cycle, as freely moving CO2 molecules become fixed into a carbon skeleton. How can this occur without direct participation by NADPH and/or ATP?
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A decrease in entropy occurs during the CO2 uptake phase of the Calvin cycle, as freely moving CO2 molecules become fixed into a carbon skeleton. How can this occur without direct participation by NADPH and/or ATP?
Photorespiration is a multienzyme bypass of the Calvin cycle's CO2 fixation process in plants and all
other oxygenic phototrophs. This bypass removes and recycles 2-phosphoglycolate, a damaging by-
product of photosynthesis in the presence of 02, which is formed when 02 substitutes CO2 in the CO2
fixation pathway.
Discuss the situation of fixing 02 (oxygen) rather than CO2 (carbon dioxide) in plants.
Which of the following scenarios does not occur during the reduction phase of the Calvin Cycle?
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Each molecule of 3-phosphoglycerate is phosphorylated by ATP to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Each molecule of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate by the addition of two electrons from NADPH.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is converted into Ribulose bisphosphate.
Some of the glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate molecules are used in carbohydrate production.
Chapter 9 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 9.1 - Describe the physical properties of light and...Ch. 9.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 9.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 9.2 - Diagram the internal structure of a chloroplast...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 9.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 9.2 - What is the significance that the combined...Ch. 9.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 9.3 - Describe photosynthesis as a redox process.Ch. 9.3 - Distinguish between the light-dependent reactions...
Ch. 9.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 9.3 - In what ways do the carbon fixation reactions...Ch. 9.4 - Describe the flow of electrons through...Ch. 9.4 - Explain how a proton (H+) gradient is established...Ch. 9.4 - Prob. 1CCh. 9.4 - Prob. 2CCh. 9.4 - PREDICT Can cyclic electron transport alone...Ch. 9.5 - Summarize the three phases of the Calvin cycle and...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 9LOCh. 9.5 - Prob. 10LOCh. 9.5 - Describe what happens in each of the three phases...Ch. 9.5 - A decrease in entropy occurs during the CO2 uptake...Ch. 9.5 - In what ways does photorespiration differ from...Ch. 9.5 - Prob. 4CCh. 9.6 - Prob. 11LOCh. 9.6 - Prob. 1CCh. 9.7 - State the importance of photosynthesis both in a...Ch. 9.7 - Prob. 1CCh. 9.7 - Prob. 2CCh. 9 - Where is chlorophyll located in the chloroplast?...Ch. 9 - In photolysis some of the energy captured by...Ch. 9 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 9 - In ________, electrons that have been energized by...Ch. 9 - The Calvin cycle begins when CO2 reacts with (a)...Ch. 9 - The enzyme directly responsible for almost all...Ch. 9 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 9 - An organism characterized as a photoautotroph...Ch. 9 - VISUALIZE Draw a simple sketch illustrating a...Ch. 9 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 9 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 9 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 9 - CONNECT High-energy electrons from glucose are...Ch. 9 - PREDICT What would life be like for...Ch. 9 - EVOLUTION LINK Propose an explanation for...Ch. 9 - INTERPRET DATA The figure depicts the absorption...Ch. 9 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOAETY What strategies...
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- The Overall Free Energy Change for Photosynthetic NADP+ Reduction What is the overall free energy change (G) for noncyclic photosynthetic electron transport? 4 (700-nm photons) + 4 (680-nm photons) + 2 H2O + 2 NADP+O2 + 2 NADPH + 2H+arrow_forwardA culture of the single celled organism Chlamydomonas is actively carrying out photosynthesis in the presence of light and CO2. If you turned off the light, how would you expect the amounts of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate to change over the next minute? How about if you left the light on and removed the CO2? Please answer these questions with specific references to the Calvin cycle.arrow_forwardDaniel Arnon and coworkers carried out experiments with intact, salt- washed chloroplasts to study photophosphorylation. When the chloroplasts were illuminated in the presence of ADP +P, ATP was produced, but oxygen was not produced or nor consumed. ATP formation was not accom- panied by a measurable electron transport involving any external electron donor or acceptor. The overall reaction for this result is: ADP + P -", ATP When NADP+ was included in addition to the ADP + P, ilumination of the intact chloroplats again resulted in resulted in the photophosphorylation of ADP to ATP. In addition, the NADPpt was reduced to NADPH + H* and o, was produced. Moreover, the light-induced reduction of NADP* was greatly decreased if ADP + P; were ommitted. The equation for this reaction is: NADP* + H,0 + ADP + R -", NADPH + H + ATP + }02 Briefly describe the mechanism(s) of these two types of photophosphoryla- tion that explain all of these results.arrow_forward
- Which of the following terms regarding the Calvin cycle are mismatched? a.) rubisco and ATP production b.) PGAL and rearranged from glucose c.) carbon fixation and stromaarrow_forwardThere are some similarities and some differences between the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion and the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. Which of the following is NOT a true difference between the two cycles? Both involve CO2, but in the Calvin cycle CO2 is used brought into the process as a source of carbon for the sugar being built. In the Mitochondrion, CO2 is removed from the sugar and leaves the cell. In the Calvin cycle, ATP is used to carry chemical energy from the light reactions to the the Calvin cycle where the chemical energy is incorporated in the sugar molecule that is being manufactured. In the mitochondrion, ATP is produced and brought out of the mitochondrion so it can provide chemical energy to the many activities going on in the cytoplasm The first step in the Calvin cycle, the carboxylation of RuBP, produces a 12-carbon product that splits into two 6 carbon pieces. In the first step of the citric acid…arrow_forwardWhat are the stages of the Calvin-Benson cycle? Select all that apply. The resulting unstable six-carbon molecule splits into two three-carbon molecules of PGA. ATP and NADPH are used to convert PGA molecules to PGAL. Most of the PGAL is used to regenerate RuBP, but some is exported to the cytoplasm to produce carbohydrates. Rubisco attaches CO2 to a five-carbon organic compound called RuBP. Rubisco is used to convert PGA molecules to PGAL.arrow_forward
- Which among the following statements is INCORRECT? The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which forms a six-carbon molecule that breaks down into two 3PG molecules. The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which is a reaction assisted by large quantities of RuBP carboxylase enzyme. The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which decreases cell carbon dioxide levels, which increases the diffusion gradient. The first event in the Calvin cycle is the attachment of carbon dioxide to the five-carbon RuBP molecule, which immediately becomes a six-carbon sugar that is the base for starch, sucrose, cellulose, etc.arrow_forwardIn the Light Reaction of Photosynthesis, the sun excites electrons in pigment molecules in the photosystems. These excited electrons and (H+ ions) go through electron transport systems. Keep in mind that if this process continued as stated, the pigment molecules would run out of electrons, but fortunately there is a way in which the excited electrons are replaced. Explain how the electrons are ultimately replaced and what the important byproduct is.arrow_forwardExplain the following statement: The O2 generated by photosynthesis is simply a by-product of the pathway’s generation of carbohydrates and ATP.arrow_forward
- The pentose phosphate pathway is a critical pathway in animals for the production of NADPH and pentose sugars and in many aspects mirrors the Calvin cycle in photosynthesis. Select one: True Falsearrow_forwardPhotorespiration is a multienzyme bypass of the Calvin cycle's CO2 fixation process in plants and all other oxygenic phototrophs. This bypass removes and recycles 2-phosphoglycolate, a damaging by- product of photosynthesis in the presence of O2, which is formed when 02 substitutes CO2 in the CO2 fixation pathway. According to a regional scale model, photorespiration currently reduces US soybean and wheat yields by 36% and 20%, respectively, and a 5% reduction in photorespiration losses would be worth around $500 million yearly in the United States. Can you forecast the costs and good advantages of C4 photosynthesis? What factors increase the likelihood that the benefits will outweigh the expenses in hot, dry areas in the United States?arrow_forwardIn the Calvin-Benson Cycle, the process of fixing involves: oxidizing NADH to make G3P. phosphorylation of G3P bonding CO2 to RUBP. reducing bisphosphoglycerate. phosphorylation of PGA.arrow_forward
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