Concept explainers
a.
To explain: Whether on the basis of 2002 prospective study it can be concluded that hormone replacement therapy can reduce Alzheimer’s risk or not.
Introduction: Prospective studies are conducted to look at a group of individuals having similar characters but differing with respect to some particular factors considered under the study. These studies are conducted to look for prospects of certain factors in a range of individuals.
To explain: Whether factoring of other information into the data in needed nor not.
Introduction: Studies for collection of information and interpretation are carried out on the basis of certain parameters. During the study, all the required factors are monitored to collect all the important information.
b.
To explain: Applicability of all the findings gathered on the basis of the given data to American women as whole.
Introduction: While conducting any study, different factors are taken into consideration. Studies taking only a few factors under consideration generally tend to give incorrect conclusion. Effect of one factor can change the conclusion that is drawn on the basis of a single factor study.
To determine: The other information that one might want to know about the test subject before reaching to a conclusion.
Introduction: Scientific studies require consideration of all the factors involved directly or indirectly with the purpose of the study. Determining the factors depends on the purpose and the type of study being carried out.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 9 Solutions
Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach (8th Edition)
- Scenerio: Is Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) more effective in treating PTSD than Prolonged Exposure therapy (PE)? Question 1: Does this question represent a correlational or experimental research design? Why? Question 2: Which of the two models would state that there is nothing interesting going on between CPT and PE in treating PTSD? Question 3: . State the alternative hypothesis for this study. Question 4: State the null hypothesis for this study. Question 5: Are your hypotheses directional or non-directional? How do you know this? Question 6: Suppose you run the study, and the results come out with a p value of .23. What can you conclude about the difference between the treatments? Question 7: In this case, would you decide to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis? Why?arrow_forwardElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a reasonable option for intractable depression or schizophrenia, but a mechanism of action has not been established. One credible hypothesis is related to neural plasticity. Below is the neuronal gene expression assay for four genes after ECT, normalized with the Hamilton depression rating scale of 21 items version (HAM-D-21). Which of the following conclusion you may NOT conclude from the data? ECT may convert adult neurons into IPSCs which may divide and differentiate into healthy adult neurons Neural plasticity steadily increases with the number of ECT administration ECT seems to increase the expression of Yamanaka’s four transcription factors ECT may increase neural plasticityarrow_forwardWhat is projected to happen to the number of people with Alzheimer's disease and the number of people over age 65 in the United States over the next 40 years? b. Based on the information provided, can you think of an explanation for the trends identified in the question above? a.arrow_forward
- The development of Alzheimer's disease is not a normal part of aging, although a person’s risk of developing the condition increases after age 65. Approximately half of people over age 85 have Alzheimer's disease. In cases of rare genetic changes that lead to Alzheimer's disease, symptoms present themselves in the 40s or 50s. For this essay considering the importance of education and the prevention of Alzheimer's Disease Question With reasons, pointing at the target audience with their age range, sex, ethnicity, describe what information and the method of delivery you would use basing on their importance and why?arrow_forwardWhat biological markers have been found that might indicate the presence of Alzheimer's disease in a human being?arrow_forwardUse the information below to answer the questions that follow. A hypothetical population of 3000 elderly adults was recruited for a 10-year study of Alzheimer's disease. Upon initial exam prior to the start of follow-up, 450 cases of the disease were diagnosed and excluded from further study. Over the 10-year study period, 640 new cases of Alzheimer's disease developed, and 215 of those incident cases died from the disease. The study participants contributed a total of 18,500 person-years of follow-up time. What was the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in the population initially recruited for this study? Express as a percentage, and round to the nearest whole number. Include only the numerical answer (no units) in the answer box. QUESTION 13 The prevalence that you calculated above describes what? The new cases of Alzheimer's disease that developed during the study period The proportion of the population that had Alzheimer's disease at the start of the study The risk of developing…arrow_forward
- Alzheimer's Disease Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects almost 50 million people worldwide. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is still not well understood. It is thought to be a combination of genetics, lifestyle, and environmental causes. It is also difficult to diagnose Alzheimer's disease during the initial stages of the disease as symptoms can be mistaken for normal ageing. Currently, there is no cure for the disease. Medication can help manage the symptoms but degeneration of brain tissue cannot be stopped or reversed. Currently, the medication that manages the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease is a type of cholinesterase inhibitor. In other words, the medication inhibits the function of cholinesterase and helps in brain functioning and memory. What is the function of cholinesterase in the synapse? How does a cholinesterase inhibitor work in a synapse? Explain how cholinesterase inhibitors are able to increase brain functioning and…arrow_forwardYou are the clinician in-charge of a drug development team targeting neurodegeneration. You are asked to give a presentation on your proposed research strategy. What area(s) of the brain would you recommend as the best target(s) for a neurogenic drug in adults Select one: a. Thalamus b. Hypothalamus c. Prefrontal cortex d. Hippocampus e. corpus callosumarrow_forwardAlzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological degenerative disorder that affects almost 50 million people worldwide. The cause of Alzheimer's disease is still not well understood. It is thought to be a combination of genetics, lifestyle, and environmental causes. It is also difficult to diagnose Alzheimer's disease during the initial stages of the disease as symptoms can be mistaken for normal aging. Currently, there is no cure for the disease. Medication can help manage the symptoms but degeneration of brain tissue cannot be stopped or reversed. One medication used to manage the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease is a cholinesterase inhibitor. The medication helps to improve brain functioning and memory. What is the function of cholinesterase in the synapse? How does a cholinesterase inhibitor work in a synapse? Explain the function of cholinesterase inhibitor in increasing brain functioning and memoryarrow_forward
- Link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12868-022-00692-1 A. In the effect of mitoxantrone on histopathological changes in the brain section of the results section the authors wrote “In Fig. 4, the demyelination of (A-C) the cerebellum and (F-H) brain stem was evaluated using LFB staining and median scored 2.5 in both sedentary and exercised untreated EAE rats indicating extensive demyelination.” Why was demyelination evaluated in this study? B. In the effect of mitoxantrone on histopathological changes in the brain section of the results section the authors wrote “Post-administration of mitoxantrone to sedentary and exercised groups smaller patches of demyelination with microcyst formation and lymphocytic infiltrates were seen; and bare unmyelinated axons were fewer (Figs. 3D, E, I, J and 4D, E, I, J).” Based on this quote, what is mitoxantrone doing exactly/directly?arrow_forwardThe Challenges of Parkinson's Disease in the Elderly question A. Physical Challenges - Discuss the physical limitations and challenges that elderly Parkinson's patients face. B. Emotional Challenges- Explore the emotional and psychological impacts of Parkinson's on older adults. C. Social Challenges- Analyze how Parkinson's Disease can affect social interactions and relationships for the elderly. please cite your referene and sources where you get your answerarrow_forwardThere are many ways that Alzheimer's Disease can be stopped, slowed, or treated. True Falsearrow_forward