The etiology of high blood pressure remains a subject of active investigation. One widely accepted hypothesis is that excessive sodium intake adversely affects blood-pressure Data set available outcomes. To explore this hypothesis, an experiment was set up to measure responsiveness to the taste of salt and to relate the responsiveness to blood-pressure level. The protocol used involved giving 3-day-old infants in the newborn nursery a drop of various solutions, thus eliciting the sucking response and noting the vigor with which they sucked—denoted by MSB (
The data for the first 100 infants in the study are given in Data Set INFANTBP.DAT. The format of the data is given in Data Set INFANTBP.DOC at www.cengagebrain.com.
Construct a variable measuring the response to salt. For example, one possibility is to compute the average MSB for trials 3 and 4 − average MSB for trials 1 and 2 = average MSB when the solution was 0.1 molar salt + water – average MSB when the solution was water. A similar index could be computed comparing trials 7 and 8 with trials 5 and 6.
Construct indices measuring responsiveness to sugar taste, and provide
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Fundamentals of Biostatistics
- Foot ulcers are common problem for people with diabetes. Higher skin temperatures on the foot indicate an increased risk of ulcers. The article “An Intelligent Insole for Diabetic Patients with the Loss of Protective Sensation" (Kimberly Anderson, M.S. Thesis, Colorado School of Mines), reports measurements of temperatures, in °F, of both feet for 18 diabetic patients. The results are presented in the Table QI. Table Q1: Measurements of temperatures, in °F of left foot Vs right foot for 18 diabetic patients Left Foot 80 foo Right Foot Right Foot 81 Left Foot (a) berature m80 85 76 85 89 86 9 marks) 75 80 87 82 88 foot temper 86sof 89 would thei 87 ht foo temp 80ures will 78s differ by 278reespredict by 81 (b) 87 82 87 82 I marks) 78 right foot to9erature for 76 tient whose 0 foot tmperature 78 86 85 (c) 88 89 90 88 89 (I marks) (d) Test the slope, ß1 = 1 at 5% level of significance. (e) Calculate the coefficient of correlation r and r² and then interpret their valuesarrow_forwardCompare the two separate scatterplots. In particular, how do the associtation compare between women with pets vs. women without pets? Does one group have more variation in systolic blood pressure than the other? If so, for which group? Does systolic blood pressure seem higher for common ages between the two groups? If so, for which group?arrow_forwardA medical student at a community college in city Q wants to study the factors affecting the systolic blood pressure of a person (Y). Generally, the systolic blood pressure depends on the BMI of a person (B) and the age of the person A. She wants to test whether or not the BMI has a significant effect on the systolic blood pressure, keeping the age of the person constant. For her study, she collects a random sample of 150 patients from the city and estimates the following regression function: Y= 15.50 +0.90B + 1.10A. (0.48) (0.35) The test statistic of the study the student wants to conduct (Ho: B, =0 vs. H4: B, #0), keeping other variables constant is. (Round your answer to two decimal places.) At the 5% significance level, the student will v the null hypothesis. Keeping BMI constant, she now wants test whether the age of a person (A) has no significant effect or a positive effect on the person's systolic blood pressure. So, the test statistic associated with the one-sided test the…arrow_forward
- Foot ulcers are common problem for people with diabetes. Higher skin temperatures on the foot indicate an increased risk of ulcers. The article “An Intelligent Insole for Diabetic Patients with the Loss of Protective Sensation" (Kimberly Anderson, M.S. Thesis, Colorado School of Mines), reports measurements of temperatures, in °F, of both feet for 18 diabetic patients. The results are presented in the Table Q1. Table Ql: Measurements of temperatures, in °F of left foot Vs right foot for 18 diabetic patients Left Foot Right Foot Left Foot Right Foot 80 80 76 81 85 85 89 86 80 86 75 87 82 88 78 78 89 87 80 81 87 82 87 82 78 78 86 85 88 89 76 80 89 90 88 89 (d) Test the slope, ß1 = 1 at 5% level of significance. (e) Calculate the coefficient of correlation r and r2 and then interpret their valuesarrow_forwardThe Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for a cell phone measures the amount of radio frequency (RF) energy absorbed by the user's body when using the handset. Every cell phone emits RF energy. Different phone models have different SAR measures. To receive certification from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for sale in the United States, the SAR level for a cell phone must be no more than 1.5 watts per kilogram. A sample of 47 models was tested and the average of their Specific Absorption Rates (SARs) was found to be 1.18 watts per kilogram. Assume that the population standard deviation is 0.25 watts per kilogram. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean of the SARs for cell phones that received certification from FCC. Margin of error (if applicable): (Round the answer to 2 decimal places)arrow_forwardThe Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for a cell phone measures the amount of radio frequency (RF) energy absorbed by the user's body when using the handset. Every cell phone emits RF energy. Different phone models have different SAR measures. To receive certification from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for sale in the United States, the SAR level for a cell phone must be no more than 1.5 watts per kilogram. A sample of 47 models was tested and the average of their Specific Absorption Rates (SARs) was found to be 1.18 watts per kilogram. Assume that the population standard deviation is 0.25 watts per kilogram. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean of the SARs for cell phones that received certification from FCC. Point estimate: =watts per kilogram (Round the answer to 2 decimal places) Confidence level % and �= , also �2= , and 1-�2= Critical values: (Round the answer to 2 decimal places) left= right=arrow_forward
- The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for a cell phone measures the amount of radio frequency (RF) energy absorbed by the user's body when using the handset. Every cell phone emits RF energy. Different phone models have different SAR measures. To receive certification from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for sale in the United States, the SAR level for a cell phone must be no more than 1.5 watts per kilogram. A sample of 47 models was tested and the average of their Specific Absorption Rates (SARs) was found to be 1.18 watts per kilogram. Assume that the population standard deviation is 0.25 watts per kilogram. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the mean of the SARs for cell phones that received certification from FCC. Confidence interval:( , ) Interpretation: We are % confident that the mean of the SARs for cell phones that received certification from FCC is between watts per kilogram and watts per kilogram.arrow_forward5) Alcohol consumption is influenced by price and packaging, but what about glassware? Atwood et al. (2012) measured whether the time taken to drink a beer was influenced by the shape of the glass in which it was served. Participants were given a 12 oz. of chilled lager and were told that they should drink it at their own pace while watching a nature documentary. The participants were randomly assigned to receive their beer in either a straight-sided glass or a curved, fluted glass. The data below are the total time in minutes to drink the glass of beer by the 19 women participants in the study. Straight glass: 11.63 10.37 17.89 6.96 20.40 20.64 9.26 18.11 10.33 23.54 Curved glass: 7.46 9.28 8.90 6.73 8.25 6.16 13.09 2.10 6.37 a. Show the data in a graph. What trend is suggested? Comment on other differences between the frequency distributions of the two samples. b. Test whether the mean total time to drink the beer differs depending on beer glass shape.arrow_forwardThe authors of a paper compared two different instruments for measuring a person's capacity for breathing out air. (This measurement is helpful in diagnosing various lung disorders.) The two instruments considered were a Wright peak flow meter and a mini-Wright peak flow meter. Seventeen people participated in the study, and for each person air flow was measured once using the Wright meter and once using the mini-Wright meter. The Wright meter is thought to provide a better measure of air flow, but the mini-Wright meter is easier to transport and to use. Use of the mini-Wright meter could be recommended as long as there is not convincing evidence that the mean reading for the mini-Wright meter is different from the mean reading for Wright meter. For purposes of this exercise, you can assume that it is reasonable to consider the 17 people who participated in this study as representative of the population of interest. Data values from this paper are given in the accompanying table.…arrow_forward
- The authors of a paper compared two different instruments for measuring a person's capacity for breathing out air. (This measurement is helpful in diagnosing various lung disorders.) The two instruments considered were a Wright peak flow meter and a mini-Wright peak flow meter. Seventeen people participated in the study, and for each person air flow was measured once using the Wright meter and once using the mini-Wright meter. The Wright meter is thought to provide a better measure of air flow, but the mini-Wright meter is easier to transport and to use. Use of the mini-Wright meter could be recommended as long as there is not convincing evidence that the mean reading for the mini-Wright meter is different from the mean reading for Wright meter. For purposes of this exercise, you can assume that it is reasonable to consider the 17 people who participated in this study as representative of the population of interest. Data values from this paper are given in the accompanying table.…arrow_forwardWelsh, Davis, Burke, and Williams (2002) conducted a study to evaluate the effectiveness of a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink on sports performance and endurance. Experienced athletes were given either a carbohydrate-electrolyte drink or a placebo while they were tested on a series of high-intensity exercises. One measure was how much time it took for the athletes to run to fatigue. Data similar to the results obtained in the study are shown in the following table. Time to Run to Fatigue (in minutes) Mean SE Placebo 21.7 2.2 Carbohydrate- electrolyte 28.6 2.7 a) Construct a bar graph that incorporates all of the information in the table. b) Looking at your graph, do you think that the carbohydrate-electrolyte drink helps performance?arrow_forwardKaty is interested in Chinese language learning. She believes that the Chinese characters with different numbers of strokes may affect the reading performance. You are invited to help her to design an experiment. A)What is the independent variable (IV) in this study? If the IV is required to have THREE levels, how can you manipulate it? What is the scale of measurement of this IV? B) Please provide the operational definition for the dependent variable (DV)? How can you measure the DV you defined? What is the scale of measurement of this DV?arrow_forward
- Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw HillBig Ideas Math A Bridge To Success Algebra 1: Stu...AlgebraISBN:9781680331141Author:HOUGHTON MIFFLIN HARCOURTPublisher:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt