CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780136538820
Author: Taylor
Publisher: INTER PEAR
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Chapter 6, Problem 13TYK
Summary Introduction
To explain: Why the daily amount of niacin and riboflavin requirement is very less in comparison to glucose.
Introduction:
Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is used as a component of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or FADH (reduced FAD) and niacin is an important component of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) or NADH (reduced NAD+).
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Your body makes NAD+ from two B vitamins, niacin and riboflavin. You need only tiny amounts of these vitamins. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s recommended dietary allowances are 20 mg daily for niacin and 1.7 mg daily for riboflavin. These amounts are thousands of times less than the amount of glucose your body needs each day to fuel its energy requirements. How many NAD+ molecules are needed for the breakdown of each glucose molecule? Why do you think your daily requirement for these substances is so small?
If you are given 4 hydrogen atoms (4H) and asked to carry out reduction of NAD+, state all the products that will result from this process. You can use any number of NAD+ but must account for all 4 H atoms and have no full H atoms left.
The following step takes place in the Krebs cycle (actually it's two steps but we will assume it is one).
CO:
NAD*
NADH
a ketoglutarate
Succinate
Н.О
GDP GTP
АТР
ADP
Fully explain the events taking place in this step. Be sure to use proper scientific terminology when
describing the event. You may use a point form list.
Chapter 6 Solutions
CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Ch. 6 - Fill in the blanks in this summary map to help you...Ch. 6 - A biochemist wanted to study how various...Ch. 6 - In glycolysis, _____ is oxidized and _____ is...Ch. 6 - Most of the CO2 from cellular respiration is...Ch. 6 - Which of the following is the most immediate...Ch. 6 - Which of the following is a true distinction...Ch. 6 - The poison cyanide binds to an electron carrier...Ch. 6 - In which of the following is the first molecule...Ch. 6 - Which of the three stages of cellular respiration...Ch. 6 - Compare and contrast fermentation as it occurs in...
Ch. 6 - Prob. 11TYKCh. 6 - Prob. 12TYKCh. 6 - Prob. 13TYKCh. 6 - Oxidative phosphorylation involves the flow of...Ch. 6 - In the citric acid cycle, an enzyme oxidizes...Ch. 6 - ATP synthase enzymes are found in the prokaryotic...Ch. 6 - Prob. 17TYKCh. 6 - For a short time in the 1930s, some physicians...Ch. 6 - Explain how the mechanism of brown fat metabolism...
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- Which of the following statements about the use the NADPH generated from the pentose phosphate pathway is not true? NADPH generated from the pentose phosphate pathway is used for the synthesis of fatty acids. b. NADPH generated from the pentose phosphate pathway and cytoplasmic NADH is metabolically interchangeable. O c. NADPH generated from the pentose phosphate pathway is used for the regeneration of glutathione to its reduced state. O d. NADPH generated from the pentose phosphate pathway is used for lipid synthesis. Clear my choicearrow_forwardThe concentration of glucose in your circulatory system is maintained near 5.0 mM by the actions of the pancreatic hormones glucagon and insulin. Glucose is imported into cells by protein transporters that are highly specific for binding glucose. Inside the liver cells the imported glucose is rapidly phosphorylated to give glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). This is an ATP-dependent process that consumes 1 mol ATP per mol of glucose. Given the steady-state intracellular concentrations below, calculate the theoretical maximum concentration of G-6-P inside a liver cell at 37 °C, pH = 7.2 when the glucose concentration outside the cell (i.e., [glucoseloutside) is 5.0 mM: ATP = 4.7 mM; ADP = 0.15 mM; P, = 6.1 mM For: ATP + H,O ADP + P + H* AG" = -30.5 kJ/mol and G-6-P + H,0 -→ Glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/mol The glucose phosphorylation reaction is ATP + glucosenside » ADP + glucose-6-phosphate + H+arrow_forwardWhich of the following factors favor fatty acid synthesis in liver cells when blood glucose levels are way higher than 10 mM? a.high NADPH and high NADH b low NADPH and low NADH c low NADPH and low NAD+ d high NADPH and high NAD+arrow_forward
- The number of calories used during physical exercise is greater than the number of calories used for the movements themselves. This may be caused in part by exercise-induced expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat is mostly white fat cells but can also contain brown fat cells in mice and humans. As part of a thermogenesis program, UCP1 directly reduces the proton gradient driving oxidative phosphorylation. UCP1 expression is a characteristic of brown fat cells only and is induced by the protein irisin. The data in Table 1 address the relationship between exercise and: in both wild-type mice and mice with overexpression skeletal muscle PGC-1a (a transcription factor whose expression in skeletal muscle is induced by exercise). Table 1 Effects of Exercise and PGC-1a on UCP1, FNDC5, Irisin, and Adiponectin • expression of UCP1 in subcutaneous fat cells, • expression of FNDC5 (a transmembrane protein in skeletal muscle plasma membranes), • blood…arrow_forwardThe number of calories used during physical exercise is greater than the number of calories used for the movements themselves. This may be caused in part by exercise-induced expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat is mostly white fat cells but can also contain brown fat cells in mice and humans. As part of a thermogenesis program, UCP1 directly reduces the proton gradient driving oxidative phosphorylation. UCP1 expression is a characteristic of brown fat cells only and is induced by the protein irisin. The data in Table 1 address the relationship between exercise and: in both wild-type mice and mice with overexpression skeletal muscle PGC-1a (a transcription factor whose expression in skeletal muscle is induced by exercise). Table 1 • expression of UCP1 in subcutaneous fat cells, • expression of FNDC5 (a transmembrane protein in skeletal muscle plasma membranes), • blood levels of irisin (a soluble protein formed by cleaving the extracellular…arrow_forwardLactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plays an essential role in an exercising muscle, especially when the level of excursion surpasses the ability of circulatory systems ability to supply adequate oxygen. What is the main reason LDH is so important to the muscle under these conditions? It produces one mole of ATP via substrate level phosphorylation. It resupplies NAD+ to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. It decreases pH thus decreasing the dissociation rate of oxygen from hemoglobin It produces NADH for energy while converting pyruvate into lactate. It removes excess lactic acid from the muscle to create pyruvate. Nextarrow_forward
- Can you please explain the relationship of ATP concentration and NADH concentration in this graph (cellular respiration)? At different treatments of ATP (E.g. At 25 ATP, 50 ATP, 100 ATP), why did the NADH concentration change?arrow_forwardAlong with hydrogen, what else is transferred by NADH to other molecules?arrow_forwardDuring cellular respiration, for each single glucose molecule 10 NADH molecules and 2 FADH2 molecules are produced. However, when tabulating how much ATP is synthesized, we consider the ATP yield from 8 NADH molecules and 4 FADH2 molecules. Explain why.arrow_forward
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