Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 50.3, Problem 6R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The role of the autocatalytic nature of pepsin in regulating positive feedback of protein hydrolysis in the stomach.
Introduction:
The stomach is involved in storing large amounts of the food consumed and passing it to the small intestine slowly so that digestion remain slower than ingestion. The walls of the stomach have three types of cells out of that the mucous secreting cells and parietal cells secret HCl (hydrochloric acid), whereas the chief cells secrete pepsinogen.
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In the intestine, the triacylglycerols must be converted to fatty acids and glycerol by hydrolytic enzymes before transport into enterocytes. Afterward, fatty acids and glycerol are reconverted into triacylglycerols and then packaged into chylomicrons. Suggest why this energy-requiring process is used instead of a direct transport of triacylglycerols into enterocytes.
Pepsin and pancreatic digestive enzymes are regulated by:
Allosteric regulation
Zymogen activation
Covalent modification
Competitive inhibition
Which of the following transporters is responsible for transporting galactose across the luminal side of the epithelial membrane of the small intestine?
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- Predict physiological consequences of a constitutively active glucose uniporter in the intestines .arrow_forwardChemically, Olestra is made of a six-carbon backbone and six fatty acid attachments. No nutrients are absorbed or processed by Olestra. In order to understand why olestra is not absorbed, you must first explain why. (b) How can olestra intake affect fat-soluble vitamin absorption?arrow_forwardAt what pH is the activity of pepsin and salivary amylase equal?arrow_forward
- Would gut fermentation syndrome best be described as anabolic or catabolic? Besides the alcoholic pathway, what other pathway exists for the fermentation of carbohydrates?arrow_forwardDuring digestion, the presence of proteases makes proteins be digested first. Given this occurrence, what is the catalytic rc of the proteases? (Reference: https://www.britannica.com/science/proteolytic-enzyme) It does not do anything directly to the digestion process of proteins It boosts the digestion process to match the digestion of all food matter It slows down the digestion process of other food matter It speeds up the digestion of proteins ingested by the organism 0000arrow_forwardDescribe the process of chemical digestion of our three major macronutrients, carbohydrates, proteins and fats, as one travels down the human digestive tract. Where does chemical digestion begin for each one of these? Where does chemical digestion continue for each one of these three, and where is this process completed? In your description, please include the enzymes involvedarrow_forward
- Arrange the following statements regarding the processes of protein metabolism starting from Step 1 to Step 10 Acidic denaturation and hydrolysis of proteins Enters the Kreb Cycle Mechanical digestion to go to the small intestines Shuffling of amino group to generate glutamate Active transport takes place Removal of basic and acidic functional groups Conversion to individual amino acids Glutamate becomes alpha-ketoglutarate Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin by HCl Conversion of proteins to simpler polypeptidesarrow_forwardFatty acids and triglycerides are an important source of nutrition and a dense form of stored energy. Digestion of fats yields more energy per gram than digestion of carbohydrates. In the first step of fatty acid digestion, the carboxylic acid of a fatty acid is activated to a fatty acyl-CoA. This activation step A) requires the input of energy from ATP. B) requires the input of energy from NADH. C) releases energy which is captured in the form of ATP. D) releases energy which is captured in the form of NADH.arrow_forwardIdentify the original site of these chemical secretions- these should be labeled on the diagram: Pepsin HCL (hydrochloric acid) Sucrase Lactase Maltase Bile Salivary amylase Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic amylase Aminopeptidase Sodium Bicarbonate Trypsin Carboxypeptidase Insulin Glucagonarrow_forward
- Why would cooking a plant or piece of meat affect the activity of catalase, but not the activity of pepsin?arrow_forwardHow does the process of ketone body formation in the liver protect protein from being degraded, and why is thisgood for a person?arrow_forwardDetermine the location within the human body where each of the following aspects of carbohydrate digestion occurs. 1. The enzyme sucrase is active 2. Hydrolysis reactions converting polysaccharides to disaccharides occur 3. First site where breaking of glycosidic linkages occurs 4. The monosaccharide glucose, fructose, and galactose are produced 5. Pancreatic enzyme is active 6. Hydrolysis reaction converting disaccharide to monosaccharide occur 7. Monosaccharide enter the bloodstream 8. The primary site for CHO digestion is located here. 9. Gastric juice is present 10. Salivary amylase is present here.arrow_forward
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Human digestive system - How it works! (Animation); Author: Thomas Schwenke;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X3TAROotFfM;License: Standard Youtube License