Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 50, Problem 2TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Calcium ions are vital for the contraction and relaxation of muscle cells as they are signaling molecules for muscle contraction. A nerve impulse initiates the release of calcium ions which liberates myosin attachment sites on actin filaments which induces contraction of muscles. The relaxation of muscles is gained when the calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum returns back.
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During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions(A) break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP.(B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosinbinding sites on actin are exposed.(C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to themuscle fiber.(D) spread action potentials through the T tubules.
Place these structures in order from LARGEST structure to SMALLEST:
A) Myofibril
B) Myofilament (MYOSIN) 1
C) Muscle Body
D) Muscle Bundle (Fascicle)
E) Muscle Fiber
F) Myofilament (ACTIN)
15) what role does calcium play in muscle contraction?
a) calcium is not involved in skeletal muscle contraction
b) it binds to tropomyosin and moves Tripp in away from the myosin binding sit on the actin molecules
c) it's binds to Troponin and moves tropomyosin away from the actin binding sit on the myosin molecules
d) it binds to troponin and moves tropomyosin away from the myosin binding site on the actin mole
Chapter 50 Solutions
Campbell Biology
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- Given these events:(1) Calcium ions combine with tropomyosin.(2) Calcium ions combine with troponin.(3) Tropomyosin pulls away from actin.(4) Troponin pulls away from actin.(5) Tropomyosin pulls away from myosin.(6) Troponin pulls away from myosin.(7) Myosin binds to actin.Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order they occurduring muscle contraction.a. 1,4,7 c. 1,3,7 e. 2,3,7b. 2,5,6 d. 2,4,7arrow_forwardSkeletal muscle cells undergo contractions based on a molecular mechanism involving: 1)the sliding of actin and myosin filaments past each other without any change in filament length 2) the shortening of actin filaments following direct interaction with myosin 3) dynamic instability of microtubules 4)nonearrow_forwardGiven these events:(1) Calcium ions combine with tropomyosin.(2) Calcium ions combine with troponin.(3) Tropomyosin pulls away from actin.(4) Troponin pulls away from actin.(5) Tropomyosin pulls away from myosin.(6) Troponin pulls away from myosin.(7) Myosin binds to actin.arrow_forward
- Total force in the length:force relationship is the result of a.) ideal overlap between the myosin and actin filaments b.) both active and passive force c.) alpha-actinin binding to the ends of the actin filament d.) diminished calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum e.) none of the above In muscle, Vmax (maximum shortening velocity) and Fmax (maximum active force) are related to: a.) Vmax=filament overlap, Fmax=ATP hydrolysis b.) Vmax = number of attached crossbridges; Fmax = number of attached crossbridges c.) Vmax = number of attached crossbridges; Fmax = ADP release from myosin d.) Vmax = ADP release from myosin; Fmax = number of attached crossbridges In living relaxed muscle: a.) myosin will be in the rigor state b.) myosin is hydrolyzing ATP at its maximum rate c.) myosin will have the ATP or ADP and Pi in the nucleotide binding pocket d.) myosin is strongly attached to actinarrow_forwardSmooth muscles relax when: a) myosin kinase phosphorylates the myosin head b) myosin phosphatase removes a phosphate group from myosin c) Ca2 + binds to calmodulin d) Ca2 + flows out of the sarcoplasmic reticulumarrow_forwardWhat causes a muscle cell to contract? A) ATP forms a bridge binding actin to myosin. B) Calcium ions form a bridge binding actin to myosin. C) Actin and myosin break down. D) Actin heads attached to myosin bend. E) Myosin heads attached to actin bend.arrow_forward
- Striated and smooth muscle activation differ because: a.) striated muscle activation is due to structural changes in the actin thin filament while smooth muscle activation requires structural changes in the myosin thick filament b.) striated muscle excitation is voltage dependent and smooth muscle is not c.) striated muscle activation requires calcium but smooth muscle does not d.) troponin C binds calcium in striated muscle while tropomyosin binds calcium in smooth muscle e.) A & Darrow_forwardPick the right order for muscle contraction a) ATP attaches to myosin, muscle cell uses calcium, action potential spreads b) Calcium release, binding sites on actin are exposedmyosin binds to actin c) Myosin binds to actin, myosin uses calcium, cell gets shorter d) Action potential is received , cell gets shorter, myosin grabs actinarrow_forward2) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to (1) block the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) inhibit the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments, and (3) block the production of ATP by the mitochondria in skeletal muscles. By using this drug, contraction of certain skeletal muscle fibers is reduced, which keeps those muscles from producing spasms. In the above scenario, Fremtol’s effect of blocking the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum would most directly prevent which the following? a. activation of tropomyosin b. activation of troponin c. activation of actin d. All of the above e. None of the abovearrow_forward
- In muscle cells, magnesium ions compete with calcium ions for binding sites on troponin molecules. If a person has too high a concentration of magnesium ions in the blood, magnesium ions can prevent calcium ions from binding troponin. A) What effect would this have on muscle contraction (strengthen, weaken, or no effect)? B) Use your knowledge of how muscle fibers contract to explain your answer in part A.arrow_forward3) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to (1) block the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) inhibit the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments, and (3) block the production of ATP by the mitochondria in skeletal muscles. By using this drug, contraction of certain skeletal muscle fibers is reduced, which keeps those muscles from producing spasms. In the above scenario, Fremtol’s effect of blocking muscle mitochondrial ATP production would result in the inability of the muscle to make ATP from ___________. a. creatine phosphate b. anaerobic glycolysis c. aerobic respiration d. All of the above e. None of the abovearrow_forward1) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to (1) block the release of Ca2+ ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, (2) inhibit the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments, and (3) block the production of ATP by the mitochondria in skeletal muscles. By using this drug, contraction of certain skeletal muscle fibers is reduced, which keeps those muscles from producing spasms. In the above scenario, Fremtol’s effect of blocking the pivoting ability of the myosin heads of the thick filaments would have which of the following consequences? a. decreased release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction b. inhibition of the power stroke c. reduced production of myoglobin d. All of the above e. None of the above 2) Paula is a scientist who is developing a drug called Fremtol that will be used to treat muscle spasms. This drug acts on specific skeletal muscles to…arrow_forward
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