Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, & Kinetics
3rd Edition
ISBN: 9780321766182
Author: Thomas Engel, Philip Reid
Publisher: Prentice Hall
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Textbook Question
Chapter 5, Problem 5.17CP
Why is the efficiency of a Carnot heat engine the upper bound to the efficiency of an internal combustion engine?
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Thermodynamics, Statistical Thermodynamics, & Kinetics
Ch. 5 - Under what conditions is S0 for a spontaneous...Ch. 5 - Why are Sfustion and Svaporization always...Ch. 5 - An ideal gas in thermal contact with the...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.4CPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.5CPCh. 5 - You are told that S=0 for a process in which the...Ch. 5 - Under what conditions does the equality S=H/T...Ch. 5 - Is the following statement true or false? If it is...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.9CPCh. 5 - One Joule of work is done on a system, raising its...
Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.11CPCh. 5 - An ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic expansion into...Ch. 5 - When a saturated solution of a salt is cooled, a...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.14CPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.15CPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.16CPCh. 5 - Why is the efficiency of a Carnot heat engine the...Ch. 5 - Two vessels of equal volume, pressure and...Ch. 5 - Solid methanol in thermal contact with the...Ch. 5 - Can incandescent lighting be regarded as an...Ch. 5 - The Chalk Point, Maryland, generating station...Ch. 5 - An electrical motor is used to operate a Carnot...Ch. 5 - An air conditioner is a refrigerator with the...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.5NPCh. 5 - The average heat evolved by the oxidation of...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.9NPCh. 5 - The maximum theoretical efficiency of an internal...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.11NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.12NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.13NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.14NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.15NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.16NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.17NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.18NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.19NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.20NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.21NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.22NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.23NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.24NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.25NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.26NPCh. 5 - Under anaerobic conditions, glucose is broken down...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.28NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.29NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.30NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.31NPCh. 5 - Calculate Ssurroundings and Stotal for the...Ch. 5 - A refrigerator is operated by a 0.25-hp...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.34NPCh. 5 - Between C and 100C, the heat capacity of Hg(l) is...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.36NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.37NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.38NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.39NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.40NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.41NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.42NPCh. 5 - An ideal gas sample containing 1.75 moles for...Ch. 5 - Prob. 5.44NPCh. 5 - Prob. 5.45NP
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- What are the two ways that a final chemical state of a system can be more probable than its initial state?arrow_forwardThe statement Energycan beneithercreatednor destroyedis sometimes used as an equivalent statement of the first law of thermodynamics. There areinaccuracies to the statement, however. Restate it tomake it less inaccurate.arrow_forwardCoal is used as a fuel in some electric-generating plants. Coal is a complex material, but for simplicity we may consider it to be a form of carbon. The energy that can be derived from a fuel is sometimes compared with the enthalpy of the combustion reaction: C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction at 25C. Actually, only a fraction of the heat from this reaction is available to produce electric energy. In electric generating plants, this reaction is used to generate heat for a steam engine, which turns the generator. Basically the steam engine is a type of heat engine in which steam enters the engine at high temperature (Th), work is done, and the steam then exits at a lower temperature (Tl). The maximum fraction, f, of heat available to produce useful energy depends on the difference between these temperatures (expressed in kelvins), f = (Th Tl)/Th. What is the maximum heat energy available for useful work from the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g)? (Assume the value of H calculated at 25C for the heat obtained in the generator.) It is possible to consider more efficient ways to obtain useful energy from a fuel. For example, methane can be burned in a fuel cell to generate electricity directly. The maximum useful energy obtained in these cases is the maximum work, which equals the free-energy change. Calculate the standard free-energy change for the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g). Compare this value with the maximum obtained with the heat engine described here.arrow_forward
- Explain why the statement No process is 100 efficient is not the best statement of the second law of thermodynamics.arrow_forwardWhen a rocket is launched, the burning gases are the source of the motion. If the system is the rocket (including fuel), what is the sign of the work?arrow_forwardWhen 1.000 g of gaseous butane, C4H10, is burned at 25C and 1.00 atm pressure, H2O(l) and CO2(g) are formed with the evolution of 49.50 kJ of heat. a Calculate the molar enthalpy of formation of butane. (Use enthalpy of formation data for H2O and CO2.) b Gf of butane is 17.2 kJ/mol. What is G for the combustion of 1 mol butane? c From a and b, calculate S for the combustion of 1 mol butane.arrow_forward
- It takes 2260 J to vaporize a gram of liquid water to steam at its normal boiling point of 100C. What is H for this process?What is the work, given that the water vaporexpands against a pressure of 0.988atm? What is U for thisprocess?arrow_forwardNatural gas is mostly CH4. When it burns, the chemical reaction is CH4 g 2O2 g CO2 g 2H2O g The H of combustion of one mole of CH4 at 25.0 C is -890.9 kJ. Calculate q, w, and U under these conditions, assuming an external pressure of 1.07 atm.arrow_forwardA refrigerator is the reverse of an engine: Work is performed to remove heat from a system, making it colder. The efficiency of a refrigerator often termed the coefficient of performance is defined as q3/wcycle=Tlow/(ThighTlow). Use this definition to determine the efficiency needed to halve the absolute temperature. What does your answer imply about attempts to reach absolute zero?arrow_forward
- Identify the sign of the work when a fuel-oxygen mixture (the system) burns, propelling an automobile (part of the surroundings).arrow_forwardExplain why absolute entropies can be measured.arrow_forwardAn ideal gas expands isothermally (at constant temperature). The internal energy of an ideal gas remains constant during an isothermal change. If q is 76 J, what are U and w?arrow_forward
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