Biology: Life on Earth
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780321729712
Author: Gerald Audesirk, Teresa Audesirk, Bruce E. Byers
Publisher: Benjamin Cummings
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Chapter 5, Problem 4RQ
Summary Introduction
To review:
The phenomena of diffusion and osmosis. Also, give a reason for the firmness of plant leaves and terminology used for water pressure inside the plant cells.
Introduction:
The phenomenon of diffusion and osmosis is very common in day-to-day life. Diffusion can take place between gases, liquids, or solid-liquid. On the other hand, osmosis is a special case of diffusion of liquid. Both osmosis and diffusion are very important as they help in processes like photosynthesis, respiration, uptake of water by plants, and regulation of opening and closing of stomata.
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Students have asked these similar questions
1) A plant cell with a pressure potential of 5 bars and an osmotic potential of -9 bars is in equilibrium with a surrounding solution that is open to the air. What is the water potential of the surrounding solution?
2) A plant cell, when initially placed in pure water, has an osmotic potential of -4 bars and a pressure potential of +2 bars.
a) Which way will water diffuse?
b) When will net diffusion stop?
c) When equilibrium is reached, what are the cell's osmotic potential and pressure potential values?
Discuss the following statement: “if plant cells contained intermediate filaments to provide the cells with tensile strength, their cell walls would be dispensable.”
You have an intact flaccid cell with a solute potential of -1.22MPa, you dropped
the cell in a solution of 4M concentration at 20°C.
a) In which direction water will flow? Why?
b) At equilibrium, what will be the cell and solution:
a. Water potential
b. Osmotic potential
c. Pressure potential
Chapter 5 Solutions
Biology: Life on Earth
Ch. 5 -
1. Membranes consist of a bilayer of ________....Ch. 5 - A membrane that is permeable to some substances...Ch. 5 - Facilitated diffusion involves either _____...Ch. 5 - Prob. 4FTBCh. 5 -
5. After each molecule, place the two-word term...Ch. 5 - Prob. 6FTBCh. 5 - Describe and diagram the structure of a plasma...Ch. 5 - Prob. 2RQCh. 5 - What are the five categories of proteins commonly...Ch. 5 - Prob. 4RQ
Ch. 5 -
5. Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic....Ch. 5 -
6. Describe the following types of transport...Ch. 5 - Name the protein that allows facilitated diffusion...Ch. 5 - Imagine a container of glucose solution, divided...Ch. 5 - Prob. 9RQCh. 5 -
1. Different cells have different plasma...Ch. 5 - Predict and sketch the configuration of...Ch. 5 - The fluid portion of blood, in which red blood...Ch. 5 - Some cells in the nervous system wrap themselves...
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- Mark the flow of water with an arrow for cells that have been placed in solutions of differing tonicity. Indicate what will happen to a plant and animal cell under each of these conditions. Direction of osmosis Plant cell Animal cell shape shape minor swelling The solute concentration outside the cell is isotonic (or equal) to the inside of the cell. No change swelling and lysis plasmolysis crenation Reset Zoom (a) Outside isotonic The solute concentration outside the cell is hypertonic to the inside of the cell. (b) Outside hypertonic The solute concentration outside the cell is hypotonic to the inside of the cell. (c) Outside hypotonic Oo Solute Cytosol ©2018 McGraw-Hill Education. Check marrow_forwardDraw and label a cell lipid bilayer and diagram how the following transport processes take place: passive diffusion of oxygen into the cell, facilitated diffusion of potassium into the cell, active transport of sucrose into the cell. Using different symbols (circles for oxygen, squares for sucrose, and triangles for potassium ions), show the relative concentrations (gradients) of these substances on the inside and outside of the cell. For example, to show that oxygen enters the cell by going “down” its gradient, you would draw more circles on the outside of the cell than inside the cell. Be sure to show and label membrane proteins when appropriate, and show the electric membrane potential using “+”s (pluses) on one side and “-”s (minuses) on the other side of the membrane. Also show the proton pump which uses ATP as a source of energy.arrow_forwardUnder what environmental conditions does water move into a cell byosmosis?arrow_forward
- Explain how salt concentrations contribute to the cell membrane intergrity in cells? What are the three different scenarios that could occur and why?arrow_forwardDescribe how extracellular solute concentration affects osmosis across theplasma membrane.arrow_forwardWhat is the role of lysozyme and a low ionic strength extraction buffer? Select all that apply. Cells absorb water from a low ionic strength extraction buffer, by osmosis, swell and lyse, releasing their contents Lysozyme breaks down bonds in the cellulose cell wall of plants, weakening the structure Cells release water into a low ionic strength extraction buffer by osmosis, shrink and lyse, releasing their contents Lysozyme is an enzyme found in lysosomes in cells Lysozyme breaks down bonds in the peptidoglycan cell wall of bacteria, weakening the structure Lysozyme is an antibiotic found in tears, saliva, human milk and mucus.arrow_forward
- The following diagram shows the effect of osmotic concentration on a plant cell. Using the terms isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic identify what is happening in each cell and state what each term means and which cell it applies to. Plant cells cell wall -nucleus cell membrane -central vacuole -chloroplast Paragraph B I U v A !!! liliarrow_forwardGiven the solute content of two solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane predict which way water will flow across the membrane by osmosis? Thank youarrow_forwardExplain: what is osmosis? what are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic cells?arrow_forward
- Fill in the blanks with the following words: diffusion, endocytosis, solute pump, osmosis. The type of active transport in which sodium and potassium are pumped across a membrane using ATP is called a This passive process is where water moves in and out of a cell The type of passive process in which molecules move across the plasma membrane down a concentration gradient is called This process is where the cell engulfs extracellular substances by phagocytosis or pinocytosisarrow_forwardExplain the process of osmosis and how osmosis affects animal cells? (Hint: tonicity)arrow_forward1) Draw a model of the plasma membrane to form a cell. Include a tube embedded in the membrane. Show 2 water molecules inside the cell and 12 water molecules outside the cell. Indicate which way the water will move through the aquaporin with an arrow. a) Using your knowledge of membrane transport, which direction will the water molecules move through the aquaporin? Why? b) Why would water have a difficult time crossing the cell membrane? Keep in mind the structure of water in your answer. 2) Develop an explanation for the necessity of having kinks in the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipids that make up cell membranes. a) Develop an explanation for the necessity of having kinks in the hydrophobic tail of the phospholipids that make up cell membranes.arrow_forward
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