Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Condensed structures and the systematic names for all the
Concept introduction:
- Molecular structure is the arrangement of
chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule (or in an ion or radical with multiple atoms), specifically which atoms are chemically bonded to what other atoms with what kind of chemical bond. From the IUPAC name of compound its structure can be easily drawn. - IUPAC name consists of three parts in major namely Prefix suffix and root word.
- Prefix represents the substituent present in the molecule and its position in the root name.
- Suffix denotes the presence of
functional group if any in the molecule. It can be an alkene,alkyne , alcohol,carboxylic acid , alcohol etc. - For alkenes, suffix will be ‘ene’.
- Root word represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton of the organic molecule.
- When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo, if it is two cyclic structure combined then prefixed with bicyclo.
- E-Z designators are used as like cis-trans terminology for non-similar groups attached alkenes.
- In E-Z designations, the groups attached to vinylic positions are checked by their priority on the basis of higher molecular weight. If the higher priority groups are on the same sides, then the configuration is designated as Z. If the higher priority groups are on the opposite sides, then the configuration is designated as E.
- Condensed Formula: Molecular formula where the symbols of atoms are listed in order as they appear in the respective molecular structure with bonded dash omitted or limited it is called the condensed structure.
(b)
Interpretation:
The E and Z isomers of alkenes should be identified for the given compound with the molecular formula
Concept introduction:
- Molecular structure is the arrangement of chemical bonds between atoms in a molecule (or in an ion or radical with multiple atoms), specifically which atoms are chemically bonded to what other atoms with what kind of chemical bond. From the IUPAC name of compound its structure can be easily drawn.
- IUPAC name consists of three parts in major namely Prefix suffix and root word.
- Prefix represents the substituent present in the molecule and its position in the root name.
- Suffix denotes the presence of functional group if any in the molecule. It can be an alkene, alkyne, alcohol, carboxylic acid, alcohol etc.
- For alkenes, suffix will be ‘ene’.
- Root word represents the longest continuous carbon skeleton of the organic molecule.
- When a molecule consists of cyclic structure, the root word of the molecule is prefixed with cyclo, if it is two cyclic structure combined then prefixed with bicyclo.
- E-Z designators are used as like cis-trans terminology for non-similar groups attached alkenes.
- In E-Z designations, the groups attached to vinylic positions are checked by their priority on the basis of higher molecular weight. If the higher priority groups are on the same sides, then the configuration is designated as Z. If the higher priority groups are on the opposite sides, then the configuration is designated as E.
(c)
Interpretation:
Most stable alkenes has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
The amount of heat released in a hydrogenation reaction is known as heat of hydrogenation
The most stable alkene has the smallest heat of hydrogenation.
The stability of an alkene increases as the number of alkyl substituents bonded to its
The stability of an alkene increases as the number of hydrogen bonded to its
(d)
Interpretation:
Least stable alkene has to be identified.
Concept introduction:
The amount of heat released in a hydrogenation reaction is known as heat of hydrogenation
The most stable alkene has the smallest heat of hydrogenation.
The stability of an alkene increases as the number of alkyl substituents bonded to its
The stability of an alkene increases as the number of hydrogen bonded to its
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Chapter 5 Solutions
Organic Chemistry (8th Edition)
- 30. Which of the following alkenes is capable of forming cis-trans isomers? a. CH3CH=CH₂ b. CHI = CHBr c. (CH3)2C=CH2 d. (CH3)₂C=CHI e. CH3CH = CI₂arrow_forwarda. How many Lewis structures have the formula C4H11N? 10 b. In how many of the structures is the nitrogen atom attached to only one carbon? c. How many of them have carbon-carbon double bonds? d. How many of them have carbon-nitrogen double bonds? e. How many of them have rings? f. How many of the structures are capable of hydrogen bonding? g. How many of the structures contain a carbon atom attached to three other carbons? h. How many of the structures contain a nitrogen atom attached to three carbons? Varrow_forward1. Below is the structure of a carbon atom, how is this structure related to the formation of varied forms of organic compounds? a. By attracting other elements toward themselves to form the bonds. b. By forming may bonds with other carbon atoms and other elements. c. By sharing their electrons with other metal and non-metal elements. d. By transferring their electrons to the atoms of surrounding e Protons C6 Neutrons 6 Electrons elements 2. Below is the structure of a sample hydrocarbon, how many types of bond are present in the sample hydrocarbon? H а. 1 b. 2 H C C н с с (C3H4) H с. d. 4 Harrow_forward
- 7. C=C. A hydrocarbon that contains a -C=C- or the above group. Oa. addition reaction Ob. aliphatic compound C. alkene Od. alkyne e. aromatic hydrocarbon f. hydration g. hydrogenation h. monomer i. phenyl group j. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon Ok. polymer O1. unsaturated hydrocarbonarrow_forwardDraw all the isomers that have molecular formula C5H11Br. (Hint: There are eight.) a. Give the systematic name for each of the isomers. b. Give a common name for each isomer that has a common name. c. How many of the isomers are primary alkyl halides? d. How many of the isomers are secondary alkyl halides? e. How many of the isomers are tertiary alkyl halides?arrow_forward.Acetylene molecule C2H2 is - - 47 A -Polar O B - Not polar Cycloalkanes are alkanes that - 48 .have carbon atoms that form A- A ring (called alicyclic compounds). O B - Aromatic compounds. with Br2 to yield - 49 .an addition product A Does not react B - React. .The unit of density is - 50 A - g/cm2. BKm/ cm. C - g/cm3. Benzene *********arrow_forward
- 6. Consider the following reactions: A. When CH12 is reacted with C2(g) in the presence of ultraviolet light, four different monochlorination products form. What is the structure of CsHh2 in this reaction? B. When CaH is reacted with H20, a tertiary alcohol is produced as the major product. What is the structure of C4H, in this reaction?arrow_forwardPart II - Isomerism 1. Octane, C8H18, has 18 different constitutional or chain isomers. One of them, isooctane, is used as a standard in determining the octane rating of gasoline a. Draw the structural formulas for at least ten chain isomers of octane. b. Give the IUPAC name of each. c. Which of the isomers that you have drawn has the highest boiling point? Which has the lowest boiling point? Rationalize.arrow_forwardPart II - Isomerism 1. Octane, C8H18, has 18 different constitutional or chain isomers. One of them, isooctane, is used as a standard in determining the octane rating of gasoline a. Draw the structural formulas for at least ten chain isomers of octane. b. Give the IUPAC name of each. c. Which of the isomers that you have drawn has the highest boiling point? Which has the lowest boiling point? Rationalize. 2. Which of the following structural formulas represent identical compounds and which represent constitutional/structural isomers? Identical compounds: Constitutional isomers: CH3 i). CH3-C-CI ČH3 a). CH3CH2CHCH3 e). CH2CH2CHCH3 CI CI CI CH,CI b). CH3-C-CH3 f). CH3CH2CH2CH,CI j). CICH2 CI CH3 g). CICH,CHCH3 CH2CI k). CH3-CH-CH3 CI c). CH3CHCHCH3 CH2CH3 1). CH3CHCI h). CH3CHCH2CH2CI CI d). -CIarrow_forward
- d. Cis and trans isomer of CH;CH,CH,CH=CHCH,CH3. ÇH3 e. E and Z isomers of CH3CH2CH=CCH;CH,CH,arrow_forward16. Draw condensed structures corresponding to each name below. a. 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene b. (2Z,4Z)-hexadienearrow_forward8. Give three structural formulas each of acyclic and carbocyclic compounds having the composition 1) C5H8; 2) C5H100. 16:47 /arrow_forward
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning