Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 49.5, Problem 3R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The adaptive nature of the baroreceptor neurons that have a range of firing rates depending on their degree of stretch, and at rest, they fire at the midpoint of that range.
Introduction:
Baroreceptors are a type of sensors generally found in the blood vessels. These sensors play an important role in controlling the blood pressure and the heart rate. These mechanoreceptor neurons send signals to the brain depending on the blood pressure required by the body.
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Match each numbered item with the most closely related lettereditem.Challenge Yourself1. motor nervoussystem2. effector3. oligodendrocyte4. chromatophilicsubstance5. collaterals6. microglial cells7. multipolar neurons8. interneuron9. chemical synapse10. dendritea. skeletal muscle fiberb. neuron part that usuallyreceives incoming impulsesc. stain darkly with basic dyesd. transmits motor informatione. uses a neurotransmitterf. makes myelin sheaths in CNSg. neurons with multipledendritesh. side branches of axonsi. respond to CNS infectionj. sensory to motor neuroncommunication
Which of the conditions would result in the greatest action potential frequency in afferent neurons from muscle-spindle receptors?
The giant axon of the squid (Figure Q11–3) occu-pies a unique position in the history of our understandingof cell membrane potentials and nerve action. When anelectrode is stuck into an intact giant axon, the membranepotential registers –70 mV. When the axon, suspended in abath of seawater, is stimulated to conduct a nerve impulse,the membrane potential changes transiently from –70 mVto +40 mV.
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- The central ends of afferents from muscle spindles synapse with all the following types of neurons, except :-a- α-motor neurons of the same muscleb- γ-motor neurons of the same musclec- local interneuronsd- 2nd order neurons of ascending sensory pathwaysarrow_forwardWhen stimulated by effective steady stimuli, sensory receptors :-a- continuously discharge impulsesb- stop discharging after a short timec- produce an initial high rate of impulse discharge followed by decline of this rated- differ in their response ; some types discharge continuously, while other types do not respond at allarrow_forwardThe rattlesnake alerts enemies to its presence with a rattle—aset of modified scales at the tip of its tail. Describe the distinctroles of gated ion channels in initiating and moving a signalalong the nerve from the snake’s head to its tail and then fromthat nerve to the muscle that shakes the rattlearrow_forward
- The conduction velocity in nerves is primarily dependent on the O localization of the Na+ / K+ pumps intensity and duration of the stimulus myelination and fiber diameter O fiber length and myelination O fiber length and fiber diameterarrow_forwardHected to several cnidocytes through neural connections, help regulate groups of cnidocytes. Using the description above, deduce the different types of sensory cells that operate cnidocyte discharge including the mechanisms that induce an action potential. 2. Calmodulin is found in smooth muscle cells and performs a similar function to troponin in striated muscle fibers. However, calmodulin not only gets activated by Ca2+ but also slows the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How might this difference relate to the different kinds of contractions smooth muscles do in comparison to striated muscles? 3. A study of muscle fibers between chimpanzees and humans revealed that although muscle mass per body size are approximately equivalent, the ratio of red (slow) and white (fast) fibers were significantly different. Chimps tend to have a ratio of 30% red to 70% white where humans are 60/40 respectively. Speculate about what this ratio difference means in terms of muscle activity…arrow_forwardA muscle cell contains acetylcholine receptors that act as ligand-gated cation channels,and it also contains voltage-gated Na+ channels of the type found in neurons. Intheory, could a muscle cell get away with having only acetylcholine-gated cationchannels, which would serve the dual purpose of receiving neurotransmitter signalsand propagating action potentials? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- Which statement is false? O The muscle spindle forms a monosynaptic connection with the alpha motor neuron for antagonistic muscle group O The muscle spindle synapses directly on the alpha motor neuron for muscle fiber it innervates The muscle spindle innervates intrafusal fibers of the muscle O The muscle spindle has myelinated axonsarrow_forwardChoose the type of information that the soft organ smooth muscle first order neuron are sending to the central nervous system: 1, sterogotic information 2, stretch information 3, proprioceptive information 4, temperature information This is the second time in 10 min I asked this question, the fomer one been rejected due to incompleted. But this is the whole inforamtion I had copied from my home work, no letter missed.arrow_forwardExcitatory neurons A and B both synapse with neuron C. Neuron A releasesa neurotransmitter, and neuron B releases the same type and amount ofneurotransmitter plus a neuromodulator that produces EPSPs in neuron C.Action potentials produced in neuron A alone can result in action potentialproduction in neuron C. Action potentials produced in neuron B alone alsocan cause action potential production in neuron C. Which results in moreaction potentials in neuron C, stimulation by only neuron A or stimulationby only neuron B? Explain.arrow_forward
- Increased γ-motor neuron discharge stimulates muscle spindles, because :-a- it produces stretch of the extrafusal muscle fibersb- it causes stretch of the peripheral regions of the intrafusal fibersc- it causes stretch of the central region of the intrafusal fibersd- it stimulates directly the sensory fibers innervating muscle spindlesarrow_forwardWhich of the following is true of ACh (acetylcholine)? O It cannot be degraded within the synaptic cleft to which it was released; it must be internalized and degraded by the cell that receives it O It is always excitatory because it causes the entrance of Na+ into a cell which leads to an increase in intracellular mV O It is released via exocytosis from the axon terminal of a somatic motor neuron O It is released via exocytosis from all pre-ganglionic motor neurons of the ANSarrow_forward2.) what of these nerve fiber has action potenital moving toward the central nervous system ? sensory fiber sympathetic nerve fiber parasympatheic nerver fiber motor fiber question 3 : The autonimic nervous system controls involuntary muscle such as the cardiac & smooth muscle true False question 5 It is important to remeber to the neurogila cells are not direclty part of ; A.) forming insulating membrane to cover the axon b. ) anchoring neuron to capilliares or nutrient supply c. ) controlling the neuron enviornment d. ) begin a pathways for the action potentialarrow_forward
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