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- Activation of the beta-gamma subunit associated with the Go protein complex would lead to what outcome? 1.closing of presynaptic Ca++ channels 2.postsynaptic depolarization 3.postsynaptic hyperpolarization 4.increased production of cAMP2) Describe the sequence of events that occur after a stimulus depolarizes the membrane from resting potential and exceeds threshold. Be sure to discuss the inactivation and activation of ion channels in relation to changes in membrane potential. 3) A key feature of voltage-gated ion channels is that they are regulated by two gates: activation gates and inactivation gates. Discuss how these gates regulate voltage-gated ion channel function.The concentration of potassium ions inside a nerve cell membrane is higher than the concentration of sodium ions outside the mem-brane, yet the inside of the membrane (where the cation concentra-tion is higher) is negative to the outside. Explain this observation in terms of permeability properties of the membrane.
- For cardiac myocytes, which of these downstream activities WOULD NOT occur when norepinephrine binds to the B, receptors of that cell? Answers A - D A PK-A phosphorylates the L-type Ca" channels increasing Ca" influx into the cell. B More Ca" is released into the cytoplasm from the sarcoplasmic reticulum because of calcium induced calcium release. PK-A phosphorylates phospholamban which then inhibits the reuptake of Ca" back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. PK-A phosphorylates the regulating proteins on troponin so that troponin will release Ca" quicker.Calcium is highly regulated molecule in cells due to its importance in cell signaling. A. Briefly explain the role of calcium in the excitation-concentration coupling in the muscles B. Based on your description in part A, if the sensor of calcium stopped working, which step would be affect and why?Conotoxin is produced by marine cone snails. Among its effects is to block voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in n eurons. A. What anatomical part of a neuron would be affected by conotoxin? B. How would the neuron's action potential be affected by conotoxin? Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosis C. If conotoxin affected a somatic motor neuron, would this toxin cause muscle weakness or increased muscle tension? Explain why.
- 1. What could you correctly say about the Bundle of His? a. Changes in its rhythm of firing would be classified as dromotropic effects b. Cells within it rely on calcium-induced calcium release c. Cells within it would participate in inotropic effects d. Cells within it make force 2. Which of the following is/are true regarding all of the action potentials that we have learned about in class thus far? (Hint - the 3 types are neuronal, ventricular, nodal) a. They all have the fast inward sodium current that is responsible for initial depolarization b. They all carry a calcium current c. They all last over 100ms d. They all have a repolarizing potassium current e. All answers are trueMatching (may not use all choices; may use some choices more than once) 45. Sección Release of inhibitory neurotransmitter 46. Decreased concentration of leaky sodium channels in the membrane Arsenic poisoning prevents mitochondria from making ATP 47. 48. Extreme sodium deficiency 49. Acetylcholinesterase concentration is decreased 50. Overdose of Potassium Chloride 51. Increased concentration of leaky potassium channels in the membrane Salto de columna A. Makes RMP more negative B. Makes RMP less negativeClostridium tetani toxin blocks the exocytosis of GABA. A. What anatomical part of a pre-synaptic neuron would be affected by this? B. How would a post-synaptic neuron’s likelihood of experiencing an action potential be affected by this toxin? C. Explain, using at least TWO of the following terms: threshold, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, summation, IPSP, EPSP, exocytosis
- Match cells and function ( please answer all of them ) : Ans Cell Function Microglia 1. active immune defence in the CNS Neurons 2. stores the majority of the bodyʹs glycogen Oligodendrocyte 3. glial cells act locally to maintain normal electrolyte composition of the cerebrospinal fluid Astrocytes 4. releases of enzymes that degrade the osteoid Skeletal muscle fiber 5. are neuroglial cells that wrap around axons in PNS, and they provide electrical insulation with small gaps in between called nodes of Ranvier Chondrocyte 6. lies within the substance of fully formed bone and maintains osteoid of bone Smooth muscle 7. contain haemoglobin that mainly carries oxygen Osteocyte 8. are functional unit of the nervous system Purkinje cells 9. a cell which has secreted the matrix and become embedded in it, and the only cell found in cartilage…Denervation supersensitivityof the muscle in LMN lesions is due to : -a- increased release of neurotransmitter from the degenerating nerve terminalsb- decreased release of neurotransmitter from the degenerating nerve terminalsc- increased number of transmitter receptors in fibers of the denervated muscled- decreased number of transmitter receptors in fibers of the denervated muscleDesign a novel drug for treatment for overactive bladder syndrome which does not target the muscarinic M3 receptors directly, but rather targets one of the second messenger signalling molecules within the smooth muscle cells as a result of muscarinic M3 receptor activation. Which second messenger molecule would you choose to target? Justify your choice and explain how targeting this second messenger pathway would result in the reduction of bladder smooth muscle contraction.