Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 47.2, Problem 3R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The sources of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), provided by the three systems to explain the physical performance of humans.
Introduction:
The ATP is used in tmuscle contraction. It helps to generate the power stroke that allows the contraction of muscles. The limited supply of ATP results in the low endurance of the muscles.
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Predict how skeletal muscles may adapt to exercise.
Compare and contrast the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal muscles.
Indicate which of the following are true.
Chronically shortened muscles will lose sarcomeres in series in order to maintain ideal amounts of myofilament overlap.
Contractile force is proportional to the length of a muscle.
Muscle organ contraction is all or nothing.
Muscle cells are surrounded by an endomysium.
Actin is the thick filament and Z-lines are where the cross-bridges zig-zag to adjacent actin filaments.
Muscles with fewer motor units are weaker, i.e., capable of less force.
A nerve impulse, calcium, and ATP are necessary for muscle contraction.
Tendons attach bones to bones and help to limit the range of motion at joints.
Muscle tissue is very dynamic and will respond to chronic stress by becoming stronger (making more myofilaments), chronic contraction by becoming shorter (losing sarcomeres in series), and stretching by becoming longer (adding sarcomeres in series).
Myofilaments are actually long strands of proteins.
Chapter 47 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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- Explain the elation between muscles,ATP energy, and the calcium ion.arrow_forwardExplain the following two statements: Muscles can only actively contract; muscle fibers lengthen passively.arrow_forwardExplain in detail: What does the ‘sliding filament model of muscle contraction’ discuss or explain? What are filaments composed of and how do contractions occur, commenting on calcium and ATP process.arrow_forward
- Discuss some of the differences, and similarities if any, of smooth muscle contraction compared to skeletal muscle contraction.arrow_forwardUsing the terms fulcrum, lever, and force, explain howcontraction of a muscle results in movement.arrow_forwardDistinguish between skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle in terms of location and whether they have sarcomeres. Use the sliding filament model to draw how thin filaments, thick filaments, and Z lines move during muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of acetylcholine release, reception, or breakdown will influence muscle contraction. Predict how perturbations of actin, troponin, tropomyosin, myosin, or calcium would influence muscle contraction. Distinguish between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Predict how changes in stress levels or situations would affect activation of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system, levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and blood pressure.arrow_forward
- Describe the role of both ATP and calcium ions in muscle contraction.arrow_forwardMuscles need energy to function properly. Identify a minimum of two pathways generating ATP during muscle activitarrow_forwardA researcher is investigating the composition of muscle tissue in thegastrocnemius muscles (in the calf of the leg) of athletes. She takesa needle biopsy from the muscle and determines the concentration(or enzyme activity) of several substances. Describe the major differences this researcher sees when comparing the muscles of athletes whoperform in the following events: 100-meter dash, weight lifting, and10,000-meter runarrow_forward
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