Life: The Science of Biology
Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 47.1, Problem 4R
Summary Introduction

To review:

The reason behind severe muscle paralysis on accidental exposure to Malathion, which degrades acetylcholinesterase enzyme.

Introduction:

The Malathion is an organophosphate, which is used as a pesticide in agriculture to control the pest. It is known as maldison in Australia and New Zealand. In many countries, it is used on a large scale to control pests like Nile virus and Mediterranean fruit fly.

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When the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) binds the acetylcholine receptor (a GPCR) on muscle cells, it causes them to contract. ZIGGY, a chemical analog of ACh, also binds to the same acetylcholine receptor on muscle cells, but instead causes the muscle cells to relax. For this reason, it is sometimes prescribed as a muscle relaxer. Explain in 3-4 sentences how ZIGGY could cause muscle relaxation. How can both ZIGGY and ACh bind the same GPCR? And then how can they have different effects on the cells, despite binding to the same receptor on the same cells?
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Botulinum toxin (Botox) works by blocking the exocytosis of acetylcholine. A number of different medical and cosmetic procedures use this chemical. Injection of small quantities of botulinum toxin (Botox) into specific overactive muscles causes muscle relaxation that smooths the skin and reduces wrinkles. Injection into certain spinal ganglia helps reduce a certain form of chronic pain, and injections into the salivary glands causes the reduction of overactive saliva production.   What type of toxin is Botox?  a. Agonist b. Antagonist
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