BIOLOGY
12th Edition
ISBN: 9781260169614
Author: Raven
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 44, Problem 3S
Many physiological parameters, such as blood Ca2+ concentration and blood glucose levels, are controlled by two hormones that have opposite effects. What is the advantage of achieving regulation in this manner instead of by using a single hormone that changes the parameters in one direction only?
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One such laboratory study investigated the binding of a hormone to three different receptor proteins in the cell membrane. The data collected are shown in the table below
1) Provide a brief explanation as to why ligand binding toproteins must be a reversible process.
2) Calculate the dissociation constant (Kd) for the hormone binding to each of the three proteins.
Overexpression of this receptor in the cells of the adrenal gland causes Cushing's syndrome, a disease caused
by the overproduction of cortisol. One strategy that scientists have employed to treat this disease is the use of
small molecules that bind to, but do not activate, MC2R. This type of molecule is generically referred to as an
antagonist. How can an antagonist bind to the same receptor as ACTH but not activate it?
O a. The antagonist can bind covalently while ACTH binds non-covalently
O b. The antagonist is only partially complimentary to the binding pocket of MC2R
O The antagonist binds to ACTH and blocks it from binding to the receptor properly
O d. The antagonist is the exact same structure as ACTH but since it is synthetic it doesn't work
One cause of Cushing's syndrome is the inappropriate production of GPCRS in the adrenal gland that are not
normally present in those cells. When these receptors are activated they result in the production of cortisol.
Which statement about…
Suppose that the circulating concentration of hor-mone is 10–10 M and the Kd for binding to its receptor is 10–8M. What fraction of the receptors will have hormone bound?If a meaningful physiological response occurs when 50% ofthe receptors have bound a hormone molecule, how muchwill the concentration of hormone have to rise to elicit aresponse? The fraction of receptors (R) bound to hormone(H) to form a receptor–hormone complex (R–H) is [R–H]/([R] + [R–H]) = [R–H]/[R]TOT = [H]/([H] + Kd).
Chapter 44 Solutions
BIOLOGY
Ch. 44.1 - Prob. 1LOCh. 44.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 44.1 - Prob. 3LOCh. 44.2 - Prob. 1LOCh. 44.2 - Prob. 2LOCh. 44.2 - Prob. 3LOCh. 44.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 44.3 - Describe the connections between the hypothalamus,...Ch. 44.3 - Prob. 3LOCh. 44.4 - Prob. 1LO
Ch. 44.4 - Describe the components of Ca2+ homeostasis.Ch. 44.4 - Prob. 3LOCh. 44.5 - Prob. 1LOCh. 44.5 - Prob. 2LOCh. 44.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 44 - Prob. 1DACh. 44 - Prob. 1IQCh. 44 - Which of the following best describes hormones? a....Ch. 44 - Steroid hormones a. can diffuse through the...Ch. 44 - Second messengers are activated in response to a....Ch. 44 - Which of the following is true about lipophilic...Ch. 44 - An organ is classified as part of the endocrine...Ch. 44 - Hormones released from the pituitary gland have...Ch. 44 - Prob. 7UCh. 44 - You think one of your teammates is using anabolic...Ch. 44 - Your Uncle Sal likes to party. When he goes out...Ch. 44 - Prob. 3ACh. 44 - Prob. 4ACh. 44 - Prob. 5ACh. 44 - You experience a longer period than normal between...Ch. 44 - Mild vitamin D deficiency can lead to...Ch. 44 - How can blocking hormone production decrease...Ch. 44 - Suppose that two different organs, such as the...Ch. 44 - Many physiological parameters, such as blood Ca2+...
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- Which statement correctly identifies how a lipid-soluble hormone that diffuses from the blood and through the interstitial fluid identifies which cells in the tissue to act upon? O The cell closest to the diffusion site. O The presence of a receptor located in the cytoplasm or nucleus specific to the hormone in cells. O The presence of a receptor embedded in the plasma membrane of target cells. O The presence of a channel protein embedded in the plasma membrane for the lipid-soluble hormone to diffuse through. Save for Later 80 F3 F4 F5 F6 8 F7 Attempts: 0 of 3 used F8 F9 Submit Answer F10arrow_forwardUnder in vivo conditions, chronic treatment with a noncompetitive antagonist may lead to the up-regulation of the targeted receptor over time. True False Cytokines are peptides that are generally made in advance by specific types of cells, stored in vesicles, and act as autocrine or paracrine factors. True False Thyroid hormone is stored in an extracellular compartment. True Falsearrow_forwardWhich type of hormone receptor—plasma membrane bound or intracellular—would be expected to provide the most long-lived response to hormone binding and why?arrow_forward
- Place the following steps (showing how a steroid hormone changes the activities of its target cells) in order of what happens first, second, third, fourth, and last. Refer to image. The hormone-receptor complex enters the nucleus of the cell and binds to the DNA. The steroid hormone passes through the cell membrane. The hormone attaches to a receptor in the cytoplasm, forming a hormone-receptor complex. A gene in the DNA is activated, and transcription and translation take place. Proteins that alter the cell′s activities, such as enzymes, are made. 2. Place the following steps (showing how a hydrophilic hormone changes the activities of its target cells) in order of what happens first, second, third, and last. Refer to image. The activity of the target cell is changed by the final enzyme in the cascade. The second messenger activates or deactivates certain enzymes in a cascade fashion. A second messenger is activated. Hormone binds to a receptor protein.arrow_forwardFeedback loops regulate the release of hormones in either a positive or negative 上二三一三 I loop. Consider this example: The hypothalamus releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which stimulates the pituitary to release the TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone). TSH then stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone. When elevated levels of thyroid hormone are detected by the hypothalamus and pituitary further release of TRH and TSH is suppressed. B. What would happen to the levels of TRH and TSH if a tumor of the thyroid gland were discovered resulting in uncontrolled release of the thyroid hormone from the tumor itself?arrow_forwardWhich of the following is not a true statement? A.) steroid and thyroid hormone signaling would be impaired if the plasma level of carrier proteins is not optimal. B.) Steroid and thyroid hormone-receptor complexes form dimers when they bind to the hormone-response elements on DNA C.) Epinephrine uses the adenylate cyclase and the phospholipase C second messenger systems D.) signaling by a peptide hormone would be impaired if a second messenger system is not functional in the target cell E.) signaling by a steroid hormone would be hindered if the adenylated cyclase second messenger system is not functional in the target cell.arrow_forward
- What cellular response (up-regulation or down-regulation) would you predict occurs in response to high doses of a drug that binds to a specific hormone receptor? Will more or less of the drug be required for the same response over time? Explain.arrow_forwardIn what ways is hormone binding to its receptor similar to an allosteric regulator binding to an enzyme rather than a substrate binding to an enzyme?arrow_forwardThe synthetic pathways for many steroid hormones are shown in Fig. 23-1 in Silverthorn. This Is shown in a simplified format below with several intermedlate steps omitted. Cholesterol Progesterone Andro- Testosterone Dihydro- stenedione testosterone 21-hydroxylase Estradiol Aldosterone and cortisol Aldosterone is an important steroid hormone that regulates water and salt balance. People with congenital adrenal hyperplasia suffer from "salt wasting" if not treated with hormone replacement therapy. Explain why a mutation in the 21-hydroxylase gene results in a deficiency in aldosterone and cortisol production. Use the name of the substrate, the enzyme and the product in your answer!arrow_forward
- All of the following statements relating to endocrine signaling are correct EXCEPT:arrow_forwardDescribe two features of insulin signaling that affect glucose utilization. Aβ-adrenergic response can be modulated through the actions of a receptorkinase and arrestin because phosphorylation by the kinase desensitizes thereceptor. How might signaling by a tyrosine receptor kinase, such as theinsulin receptor, be modulated?arrow_forwardSignals carried by hormones must eventually be terminated. Describe several different mechanisms for signal termination.arrow_forward
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