Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 43.2, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The cleavage role by genes in the development is expressed in mammals but not in the frogs and sea urchins.
Introduction:
The phenomenon of cleavage in animals results in the multicellularity of the organism. The fusion of the male and the female gamete results in the formation of the single-celled zygote. The cleavage refers to the cell divisions that turn the diploid single-celled zygote into a mass of cells that are undifferentiated, which grows into an embryo. These cell divisions are not accompanied by the cell growth.
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Life: The Science of Biology
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- Gradients of morphogens can be preestablished in the oocyte. Also, later in development, morphogens can be secreted from cells. How are these two processes similar and different?arrow_forwardExplain hoxA3 and HoxD3 genes are nearly equivalent yet they play distinct roles in the development of mouse.arrow_forwardYou inject bicoid MRNA into the posterior end of a fertilized fruit fly egg just prior to the first cleavage. How will the experiment affect Hox gene expression in this fly? How will it affect the fly embryo's anatomy? Explain your answer, demonstrating your understanding of the role bicoid and Hox genes play in development.arrow_forward
- Name three possible factors contributing to early asymmetries in a developing embryo (i.e. what are the kinds of things early on that lead to the development of the body axes - dn, a/p, l/r, etc)? In the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster, the anterior-to-posterior body axis becomes segmented into distinct regions. explain the role of the genes bicoid and nanos in this process.arrow_forwardDiscuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?arrow_forwardWhat experimental evidence demonstrates that molecular gradients in the egg control development?arrow_forward
- Distinguish between the syncytial blastoderm stage and the cellular blastoderm stage in Drosophila embryogenesis.arrow_forwardAbsence of bicoid mRNA from a Drosophila egg leads to theabsence of anterior larval body parts and mirror-imageduplication of posterior parts. This is evidence that the productof the bicoid gene(A) normally leads to formation of head structures.(B) normally leads to formation of tail structures.(C) is transcribed in the early embryo.(D) is a protein present in all head structures.arrow_forwardWhat would happen if one cell was removed or damaged at the 2-cell stage of sea urchin embryo development? What about if one cell was removed at the 4-cell stage? At the 8-cell stage? How about if two cells were separated after the first cleavage and allowed to develop on their own?arrow_forward
- A C. elegans (nematode) gene called par-1 helps todetermine the AP axis of the animal early in development. Scientists determined that par-1 is pleiotropic—it also has a later function in forming the vulva of theadult animal. How could researchers circumvent thelethality of par-1− mutants to observe the later function of the par-1 gene? (Hint: C. elegans larvae caneat bacteria expressing RNAi for any gene.)arrow_forwardExplain how an understanding of cell lineages in Caenorhabditis elegans aids in the identification of mutations that affect the timing of developmental changes.arrow_forwardReferring to the diagram below explain how Drosophila segmentation is set up in the parasegments and how this is reflected in the mature segments. (a) Explain the signals (wingless, Hh, Serrate) how they are sent and received (b) what is the interaction between these signals and (c) how do these set up the final denticle pattern in the mature segment. asap pleasearrow_forward
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