Gradients of morphogens can be preestablished in the oocyte. Also, later in development, morphogens can be secreted from cells. How are these two processes similar and different?
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Gradients of morphogens can be preestablished in the oocyte. Also, later in development, morphogens can be secreted from cells. How are these two processes similar and different?
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- A classical experiment studying the fate determination of stem cells in the developing embryo uses the transplantation of somites from one organism to another. In such an experiment, a scientist transplanted somites 20, 21, and 22 from the right side of the neural tube from five-day-old developing quail embryos into chick embryos. The transplantation was performed in two orientations so that the order of the somites was sometimes reversed. Use the passage to answer the question. Central self-tolerance in the immune system arises when maturing T cells in the thymus undergo apoptosis when they bind to self-antigens. Based on this information, what would MOST likely occur as the chick immune system develops? A. T cells would recognize transplanted quail somites as foreign and rapidly divide. B. T cells would recognize transplanted quail somites as foreign and undergo apoptosis. C. T cells would recognize transplanted quail somites as self and rapidly divide.…A classical experiment studying the fate determination of stem cells in the developing embryo uses the transplantation of somites from one organism to another. In such an experiment, a scientist transplanted somites 20, 21, and 22 from the right side of the neural tube from five-day-old developing quail embryos into chick embryos. The transplantation was performed in two orientations so that the order of the somites was sometimes reversed. Use the passage to answer the question. Suppose that somite stem cells commit to their cell fates by three days post fertilization. Which result would be MOST likely in the chick embryos receiving somites transplanted in the reverse order? A. The organs arising from quail somites develop in a normal order because local signaling molecules appropriately pattern the developing organs. B. The organs arising from quail somites develop in a normal order because transcriptional programs activated in the nucleus cannot be reversed.…A classical experiment studying the fate determination of stem cells in the developing embryo uses the transplantation of somites from one organism to another. In such an experiment, a scientist transplanted somites 20, 21, and 22 from the right side of the neural tube from five-day-old developing quail embryos into chick embryos. The transplantation was performed in two orientations so that the order of the somites was sometimes reversed. Use the passage to answer the question. Observations of the developing chick embryo reveal that skeletal muscles develop from the transplanted somites even though motor neurons innervating those muscles arise from chick neural crest cells. Based on these observations, what is MOST likely true? A. Neural crest cells differentiate into somites. B. Neural crest cells fuse with developing somite cells. C. Neural crest cells develop from migrating somite cells. D. Neural crest cells send projections into developing…
- A classical experiment studying the fate determination of stem cells in the developing embryo uses the transplantation of somites from one organism to another. In such an experiment, a scientist transplanted somites 20, 21, and 22 from the right side of the neural tube from five-day-old developing quail embryos into chick embryos. The transplantation was performed in two orientations so that the order of the somites was sometimes reversed. Use the passage to answer the question. As the somite cells develop into muscles, regular depolarizations in the muscles are required for the brain to properly form circuits with developing organs. Based on this observation, which prediction is MOST likely true? A. The muscles release neurotransmitters to stimulate the innervating neurons. B. The innervating neurons release neurotransmitters to stimulate the muscles. C. The muscles release hormones to stimulate the innervating neurons. D. The innervating neurons…What are morphogens? Explain how they influence tissue patterning during embryonic development. Describe TWO specific examples to support your explanation.An embryologist measures the concentrations of three morphogens (A, B, C) in a row of cells across an embryo, from anterior to posterior. The morphogens cause the expression of various colored pigments as indicated in the graphs. Anterior Posterior Expression of Blue protein only [A] Expression of Red protein only Expression of Green protein only Anterior Posterior [B] Repression of Purple protein Activation of Red protein Anterior Posterior [C] Activation of Yellow protein Which shows the correct expression of pigments expressed in response to Morphogen A? Anterior Posterior Anterior Posterior Anterior Posterior Anterior Posterior
- Researchers investigated the step-by-step processes of cell differentiation in somites through experiments in which cells were transplanted from one location to another early after somite formation. What did these experiments show? The cells of a somite are determined as the somite matures in response to cell-to-cell signals. The cells of a somite are irreversibly determined as soon as the somite is formed, based on cell-to-cell signals. The cells of a somite are determined as the somite matures in response to internal cytoplasmic signals. The cells of a somite are irreversibly determined as soon as the somite is formed, based on internal cytoplasmicExplain why axis-determination is a crucial aspect of embryonic development. Explain how maternal-effect genes encode cytoplasmic factors that play a role in axis determination.What statement best describes the difference between "fate maps" and "specification"? If cells are transplanted from their normal region in an embryo to a different region in a recipient embryo, such cells will alter their fate, but not their specification. Cell fate map describes the allocation of cells to the germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm, whereas specification describes the exact tissues that each cell will ultimately become. The fate map of an embryo does not change during development -- the fate map of an egg is the same as the fate map of a late blastula -- whereas the specification map of an embryo changes continually as the embryo's development proceeds. The fate map of a cell is determined by labelling that cell and following it during normal development, whereas the specification state of a cell is determined by culturing a cell in an artificial medium and observing what tissues form from it.
- Discuss the role of homeotic genes in development. Explain what happens to the phenotype of a fruit fly when a gain-of-function mutation in a homeotic gene causes the protein to be expressed in an abnormal region of the embryo. What are the consequences of a loss-of-function mutation in such a gene?Carefully distinguish between the terms differentiation and determination. Which phenomenon occurs initially during development?Which embryo (a, b, c) contains totipotent cells, or pluripotent cells? Where are the pluripotent cells? How is totipotency different than pluripotency