Chapter 4.2, Problem 45E

(a)

To determine

To find: that this is an experiment or observational study, justify the answer.

Answer to Problem 45E

Observational study

Explanation of Solution

This was an observational study, since an observatory analysis extracts information on the possible impact about subjects in a procedure. Where the classification of subjects to a group being handled or a control group is beyond the investigator's control. The researchers also questioned their intake of chocolate and their behaviour for babies.

(b)

To determine

To find: the response and explanatory variables.

Explanation of Solution

Since the intake of mother chocolate helps clarify the temperament of the baby. The explanatory and response are the intake of mother chocolate and the nature of the baby.

(c)

To determine

To Explain: this study reveals that chocolate intake consistently helps produce babies with healthy temperaments during birth.

Answer to Problem 45E

Explanation of Solution

No. This research cannot conclude that chocolate intake consistently tends to produce children with healthy temperament during pregnancy, because this analysis is an observational study and there could not infer causes and effects. A latent element may potentially affect the temperament difference.