Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 42, Problem 2CQ
Summary Introduction
To determine: The effect of high extracellular concentration of Na+ on neurons.
Introduction: Nerves relay messages from the sensory organs to the central nervous system. Additionally, they carry the messages from the central nervous system to muscles and other organs. The messages are carried by the nerves in the form of electrical impulses. The signals that reach the cell body stimulate the neuron to generate its own signal in the form of an action potential, and relay it to the next neuron or the effector organs.
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How does increasing the intracellular Na+ concentration affect the action potential of a neuron?
High Potassium can cause the symptoms seen in hyperkalemia. What about low potassium, known as hypokalemia? What affectwould hypokalemia have on the resting membrane potential and action potentials?
a) Explain in detail what is occurring at stage A in the graph. (Be specific in terms of
what's happening to the ion channels in your explanation if necessary!)
b) What does this graph represent as a whole? Explain the main idea it portrays.
+40|
-70-
A
1
2
4
Time/ms
Potential Difference/mV
B
Chapter 42 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 42.1 - Prob. 1CCCh. 42.2 - Prob. 1CSCh. 42.3 - Prob. 1CSCh. 42.3 - Prob. 2CSCh. 42.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 42.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 42.4 - What key prior observation led Loewi to develop...Ch. 42.4 - CoreSKILL The results of Loewis experiment...Ch. 42.4 - Prob. 3EQCh. 42 - Prob. 1TY
Ch. 42 - Prob. 2TYCh. 42 - The myelin sheath a. is produced by neurons in the...Ch. 42 - Prob. 4TYCh. 42 - Prob. 5TYCh. 42 - Which of the following contribute(s) to the...Ch. 42 - Prob. 7TYCh. 42 - Prob. 8TYCh. 42 - Prob. 9TYCh. 42 - Prob. 10TYCh. 42 - Prob. 1CQCh. 42 - Prob. 2CQCh. 42 - Prob. 3CQCh. 42 - Describe the difference between an electrical...Ch. 42 - Prob. 2COQ
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- What happens to the membrane potential inside and outside of the cell when Na+ channels are open?arrow_forwardWhat happens across the membrane of an electrically active cell is a dynamic process that is hard to visualize with static images or through text descriptions. View this animation (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/dynamic1) to learn more about this process. What is the difference between the driving force for Na+ and K+? And what is similar about the movement of these two ions?arrow_forwardThe figure below may help in answering some of the questions. 1. What ions are flowing (and in which direction) both during the rising phase and the falling phase of the action potential? 2. What are the values of both the 'y' (vertical) axis and the 'x' (horizontal) axis. 3. If extracellular levels of K+ rose (a condition called hyperkalemia), how would that affect the resting membrane potential? 3arrow_forward
- After discussing his case with his physician, he learned that he had probably been the victim of pufferfish poisoning. The active toxin in the tissues of this fish is a chemical called tetrodotoxin (TTX). Tetrodotoxin is in a class of chemicals known as neurotoxins because it exerts its effects on neurons. The specific action of tetrodotoxin is that it blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. Define the following phrases and terms associated with the signs and symptoms of Dr. Westwood’s TTX poisoning: diaphoresis motor dysfunction paresthesias cyanotic hypoventilating bradycardia gastric lavage oxygen saturation As mentioned in the case description, tetrodotoxin is a molecule that blocks voltage-gated sodium ion channels. What is a voltage-gated sodium ion channel and what is its function? When nerve cells are at rest, there is an unequal amount of positive and negative charges on either side of a nerve cell membrane. This charge difference creates an electrical potential.…arrow_forwardWhy do only a small number of sodium ions need to flow through the Na+ channel to change the membrane potential significantly?arrow_forwardDescribe the changes in membrane permeability that underlie the membrane potential changesarrow_forward
- Describe the ion movement across the cell membrane during the following stages: resting potential, threshold potential, depolarization, repolarization.arrow_forwardThe normal concentrations for intracellular and extracellular potassium in a neuron are [K+]in = 150 mM and [K+]out = 5 mM, respectively. Due to an electrolyte imbalance, a patient has the following intracellular and extracellular concentrations of potassium: [K+]in = 140 mM and [K+]out =2 mM. Using the Nernst equation (Chapter 4), calculate the equilibrium potential for potassium in the cells with normal K+ distributions and of the diseased patient. Refer back to Question #1. Will it be easier or more difficult to generate an action potential in the diseased neuron as compared to the normal neuron? Why?arrow_forwardSodium is an incredibly important substance in our body. You may remember from module one that sodium ions play a crucial role in conducting nerve impulses during depolarization. You may also remember from biology 20 that sodium is involved in muscle contractions. Hyponatraemia has a condition where there is too little sodium in the body. This can result on difficulty processing thoughts nausea decreased ability to balance seizures in coma on the other hand an excessive amount of sodium or hyponatraemia in the body can also lead to many different neurological problems including seizures in coma. Katrina has an excessive amount of sodium ions in her blood plasma. This is occurring despite the fact that she has been watching her salt intake and ensuring that she's drinking enough fluid throughout the day. Katrina has an aldosterone imbalance. What does Catrinas hormone feedback loop look like? When constructing a feedback loop, clearly label the structures or glands involved in the…arrow_forward
- What properties of ion channels allow them to generate the large, rapid changes in membrane potential?arrow_forwardIn excitable cells, such as neurons, K+ is held at a much higher concentration inside the cell than outside. Which of the following would hold K+ at this concentration?arrow_forwardFill in the diagram, your illustration should demonstrate for each phase of the AP: 1. The relative concentration of K and Na 2. The relative voltage across the membrane 3. Any movement across the membrane of K and NA 4. The three kinds of channels in the membrane, and their state (open or closed) 5. Finally, indicate on the graph of the AP which phases correspond to hyper- polarization and which phases correspond to de- polarization Outside Outside Inside Inside Outside Inside Outside 1 Outside Inside Insidearrow_forward
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