In excitable cells, such as neurons, K+ is held at a much higher concentration inside the cell than outside. Which of the following would hold K+ at this concentration? O A positive charge inside the cell relative to outside. O A negative charge inside the cell relative to outside.
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- The ion flows across neuronal membranes at rest and duringan action potential do not significantly change bulk ionconcentrations, except for that of Ca2+ ions. Resting Ca2+ ionconcentrations in cells are usually about 10–7 M, and Ca2+ ionsexert physiological effects at concentrations of perhaps 10–5 M.Explain why relative changes of intracellular [Ca2+] are muchgreater than for, say, [Na+] (12–50 mM).For a typical vertebrate cell with a membrane potential of −0.070 V (inside negative), what is the free-energy change for transporting 1 mol of Na+ from the cell into the blood at 37 °C? Assume the concentration of Na+ insidethe cell is 12 mM and in blood plasma it is 145 mM.Given that the extracellular concentration of Cl- is approximately 120 mM, what is the intracellular concentration if the Nernst potential for Cl- is 39 mV. (T=298 K, R=1.987 cal/K·mol, F=23,062 cal/mol·V)
- Calculate the equilibrium membrane potentials to be expected across a membrane at 37 ∘C, with a NaCl concentration of 0.50 M on the "right side" and 0.08 M on the "left side", given the following conditions. In each case, state which side is (+) and which is (−). Membrane equally permeable to both ions.During neuronal signaling, a change in membrane potential will cause sodium channelsto open and let Na+ ions diffuse down their concentration gradient into the cell. Whichof the following helps establish the concentration gradient necessary for this process tooccur?If the equilibrium potential for K* is -90mV, and the charge inside the cell is -70mV, which direction will K move across the membrane assuming there is permeability (membrane leak channels) which allow it to pass?
- The apical surfaces of hair cells are exposed to an unusual extracellular fluid called endolymph. Endolymph is relatively similar in ionic composition to cytoplasm: Select one: O O a. it is high in Na+ (-150 mM), low in K+ b. It is high in K+ (250 mM), low in Na+ c. it is high in K+ (150 mM), low in Na+ d. It is high in Ca 2+ (-250 mM), low in Na+ (-2 mM), and relatively low in Ca 2+ (100 μM). (-4 mM), and relatively low in Ca 2+ (150 µm). (2 mM), and relatively low in Ca 2+ (100 µm). (2 mM), and relatively low in K+ (150 M).Membrane potential in cells is constantly fluctuating. These fluctuations are called graded potentials and we will learn more about them in future lectures. Look at the fluctuating graded potential in the graph as an example. If Cl- generally has a relatively low membrane permeability, how would increasing Cl- permeability affect this graph?A cell has an actual membrane potential (Em) at rest of -75mV. The equilibrium potential for Na+ is +120mV and the equilibrium potential for K+ is -95mV. Calculate the net driving force for Na+ in mV.
- Our patient cannot remove potassium from their extracellular fluid. This is known as hyperkalemia. Describehow the two things above, the resting membrane potential and the action potential, would be different in someone with hyperkalemia.An analog of cGMP, 8-Br-cGMP, will permeate cellular membranes, is only slowly degraded by a rod cell’s PDE activity, and is as effective as cGMP in opening the gated channel in the cell’s outer segment. If you suspended rod cells in a buffer containing a relatively high [8-Br-cGMP], then illuminatedthe cells while measuring their membrane potential, what would you observe?The normal concentrations for intracellular and extracellular potassium in a neuron are [K+]in = 150 mM and [K+]out = 5 mM, respectively. Due to an electrolyte imbalance, a patient has the following intracellular and extracellular concentrations of potassium: [K+]in = 140 mM and [K+]out =2 mM. Using the Nernst equation (Chapter 4), calculate the equilibrium potential for potassium in the cells with normal K+ distributions and of the diseased patient. Refer back to Question #1. Will it be easier or more difficult to generate an action potential in the diseased neuron as compared to the normal neuron? Why?