Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 40, Problem 6TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: Motor units control the contractions of muscles. Stronger contractions are observed when a number of motor units are greater. The frequency of stimulation of their motor units is also an important factor that affects the contraction of muscle fibers and the tension on them.
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39- The firing rate for primary sensory neuron of spindle muscle is:
a- High during stretching the muscle.
b- Interrupted during extinction the muscle.
c- Steady, neither increased nor decreased.
d- High during contraction.
*When dynamic y-motor neurons are
activated at the same time as a-motor
neurons to muscle,
[A] prompt inhibition of discharge in
spindle la afferents takes place.
[B] clonus is likely to occur.
[C] the muscle will not contract.
[D] the number of impulses in spindle
la afferents is smaller than when a
discharge alone is increased.
[E] the number of impulses in spindle
la afferents is greater than when a
discharge alone is increased.
Match the level of skeletal muscle organization given in the key with its description:Key:(a) muscle (b) fascicle (c) fiber (d) myofibril (e) myofilament__(1) rod-shaped organelle; made of sarcomeres__(2) an organ__(3) a bundle of cells__(4) a group of large molecules__(5) a cell
Chapter 40 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 40.1 - Compare the functions of the epithelial coverings...Ch. 40.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 40.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 40.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 40.1 - Prob. 3CCh. 40.1 - Prob. 4CCh. 40.2 - Compare the structure and functions of different...Ch. 40.2 - Describe the main divisions of the vertebrate...Ch. 40.2 - Prob. 5LOCh. 40.2 - Prob. 6LO
Ch. 40.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 40.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 40.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 40.2 - Prob. 4CCh. 40.3 - Prob. 7LOCh. 40.3 - Prob. 8LOCh. 40.3 - Prob. 9LOCh. 40.3 - Compare the roles of glycogen, creatine phosphate,...Ch. 40.3 - Compare the structures and functions of the three...Ch. 40.3 - Prob. 12LOCh. 40.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 40.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 40.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 40.3 - Prob. 4CCh. 40 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 40 - Test Your Understanding 3. An energy storage...Ch. 40 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 40 - Evaluate and Synthesize 9. INTERPRET DATA Examine...Ch. 40 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 14TYU
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- Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/micromacro) to learn more about macro- and microstructures of skeletal muscles. (a) What are the names of the junction points between sarcomeres? (b) What are the names of the subunits within the myofibrils that run the length of skeletal muscle fibers? (c) What is the “double strand of pearls� described in the video? (d) What gives a skeletal muscle fiber its striated appearance?arrow_forwardEvaluate and Synthesize 9. INTERPRET DATA Examine Figure 40-13. Based on the summation of two stimuli shown in that graph, draw a curve showing summation when the muscle fiber is stimulated three times. Figure 40-13 Summation and tetanusarrow_forwardEvery skeletal muscle fiber is supplied by a motor neuron at the NMJ. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/skelmuscfiber) to learn more about what happens at the neuromuscular junction. (a) What is the definition of a motor unit? (b) What is the structural and functional difference between a large motor unit and a small motor unit? Can you give an example of each? (c) Why is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine degraded after binding to its receptor?arrow_forward
- 11 Skeletal muscles are under voluntary control. Explain the processes that must occur in order for a muscle like our Biceps brachi (an elbow flexor) to contract and shorten so that you can pick up a beer after taking this exam. Describe the roles that lons and molecules play in both contraction and relaxation and how the sliding filament theory enables sarcomeres to shorten. Be descriptive but answer the question in your own words.arrow_forward6 As calcium is actively reabsorbed into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, its concentration at the myofilaments decreases 12. Fill in the blanks using the phrases in the word bank below: Prior to muscle excitation, there is a greater concentration of Na+ and there is a greater concentration of K+ stimulus is delivered, protein “doors" open and the depolarization of the plasma membrane. Almost as soon as the depolarization wave begins, a repolarization wave follows. This occurs as restores the When the neural initiating Repolarization of the resting cell membrane. The is (are) reestablished by which move(s) K+ back into the cell and Na+ back out. WORD BANK: • Na+ diffuses out of the cell • Outside the cell • Ion concentrations • Electrical conditions • Sodium-potassium pumps K+ diffuses out of the cell Na+ diffuses into the cell • K+ diffuses into the cell • Inside the cellarrow_forward4) You set up an experiment using an isolated mouse muscle-nerve preparation.a. Draw the force traces (used to measure the force of contraction using a force transducer) you wouldexpect to get if you stimulated the nerve at 3 different lengths: 1) slack, 2) the normal length of the musclein the body, and 3) stretched past a length the muscle could ever experience in a mouse. If the force tracesare different explain why. (Hint: refer back to the length-tension relationship)b. Draw the nerve signals you would record from a Group Ia muscle spindle afferent at each of those 3lengths. If the 3 conditions are different explain why. (Hint: refer back to the function of the musclespindlearrow_forward
- 23. The diagram below represents an experimental set-up to demonstrate an aspect during muscle construction. fixed support String Kymograph- Frog muscle Pivot (a) State what would happen if a solution of ATP was added to the muscle. (b) Explain why it is necessary to use muscle from a freshly killed animal. (c) Name the part of the mammal represented by: (1) pivot. (ii) string. (iii) fixed support. 4. The apparatus below were used to investigate a certain physiological process in plants.arrow_forward1. What are the two types of muscle movement categories? Give an example for both. 2. Describe Swammerdam's experiment and Galvani's experiment with frog legs. What did they tell us about muscle contraction? 3. What is the sliding-filament model for muscle contraction? Describe the role of actin and myosin of sarcomeres in the model (be specific). 4. Describe how an action potential triggers muscle contraction. Know the specific molecules involved. 5. Describe the structural and functional differences between smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers and how do they differ in structure and function? « Previous Next MacBook Proarrow_forwardMuscle Physiology Some skeletal muscle fibers are “fast-twitch” fibers (white fibers), and others are “slow-twitch” (red) fibers. Would you expect an athlete proficient in running the 100-yard dash to have a greater proportion of red fibers or white fibers in muscles of the leg? Why? Define the following: Maximal stimulus Threshold stimulus Submaximal stimulus A skeletal muscle can be stimulated, under laboratory conditions, with a supramaximal stimulus. Is it possible for the muscle to respond with a supramaximal contraction? Explain Define a motor unit. Of what physiological advantage is a small motor unit arrangement in skeletal muscle? Explain why a latent period is observed between the application of a stimulus and contraction of the stimulated muscle. Explain, giving two causative factors, why skeletal muscle displays fatigue. Does complete or incomplete tetanus occur physiologically? Explain. Define the following: Isometric contraction Isotonic contraction Optimum length…arrow_forward
- 1. What are the two types of muscle movement categories? Give an example for both. 2. Describe Swammerdam's experiment and Galvani's experiment with frog legs. What did they tell us abc ard contraction? 3. What is the sliding-filament model for muscle contraction? Describe the role of actin and myosin of sarcc the model (be specific). 4. Describe how an action potential triggers muscle contraction. Know the specific molecules involved. 5. Describe the structural and functional differences between smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. What are ardings ine E- three types of skeletal muscle fibers and how do they differ in structure and function? Library arly Alert « Previous Next MacBook Proarrow_forwardDuring the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions(A) break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP.(B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosinbinding sites on actin are exposed.(C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to themuscle fiber.(D) spread action potentials through the T tubules.arrow_forwardHello. Why does a person with muscles that have a higher percentage of slow fibers have greater endurance than a person with muscles that have a lower percentage of slow fibers? Please include references as well. Thank you!arrow_forward
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