Biology (MindTap Course List)
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781337392938
Author: Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. Berg
Publisher: Cengage Learning
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Chapter 40, Problem 5TYU
Summary Introduction
Introduction: In a muscular contraction, stress is created to initiate the process of contraction. The continuous contraction and expansion of these filaments lead to the movement of the muscle. It is an ATP-driven process. Contraction of individual sarcomeres leads to the overall shortening of the muscles.
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During the contraction of a vertebrate skeletal muscle fiber,calcium ions(A) break cross-bridges as a cofactor in hydrolysis of ATP.(B) bind with troponin, changing its shape so that the myosinbinding sites on actin are exposed.(C) transmit action potentials from the motor neuron to themuscle fiber.(D) spread action potentials through the T tubules.
1. What are the two types of muscle movement categories? Give an example for both.
2. Describe Swammerdam's experiment and Galvani's experiment with frog legs. What did they tell us about muscle
contraction?
3. What is the sliding-filament model for muscle contraction? Describe the role of actin and myosin of sarcomeres in
the model (be specific).
4. Describe how an action potential triggers muscle contraction. Know the specific molecules involved.
5. Describe the structural and functional differences between smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. What are the
three types of skeletal muscle fibers and how do they differ in structure and function?
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Describe what is happening overall in the first sentence. Then describe, in detail, what is happening
in each step below. Include details about what is happening at steps 5 - 7 in terms of calcium and
the contraction mechanism (from a different figure).
(a)
-Axon terminal of
somatic motor neuron
Muscle fiber
ACh-
potential
Action
Na+
Action potential-
-Motor end plate-
lell
Ca2+
released
Myosin thick filament
6
+ + +
++
Chapter 40 Solutions
Biology (MindTap Course List)
Ch. 40.1 - Compare the functions of the epithelial coverings...Ch. 40.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 40.1 - Prob. 1CCh. 40.1 - Prob. 2CCh. 40.1 - Prob. 3CCh. 40.1 - Prob. 4CCh. 40.2 - Compare the structure and functions of different...Ch. 40.2 - Describe the main divisions of the vertebrate...Ch. 40.2 - Prob. 5LOCh. 40.2 - Prob. 6LO
Ch. 40.2 - Prob. 1CCh. 40.2 - Prob. 2CCh. 40.2 - Prob. 3CCh. 40.2 - Prob. 4CCh. 40.3 - Prob. 7LOCh. 40.3 - Prob. 8LOCh. 40.3 - Prob. 9LOCh. 40.3 - Compare the roles of glycogen, creatine phosphate,...Ch. 40.3 - Compare the structures and functions of the three...Ch. 40.3 - Prob. 12LOCh. 40.3 - Prob. 1CCh. 40.3 - Prob. 2CCh. 40.3 - Prob. 3CCh. 40.3 - Prob. 4CCh. 40 - Prob. 1TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 40 - Test Your Understanding 3. An energy storage...Ch. 40 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 8TYUCh. 40 - Evaluate and Synthesize 9. INTERPRET DATA Examine...Ch. 40 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 11TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 13TYUCh. 40 - Prob. 14TYU
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- The release of calcium ions initiates muscle contractions. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/calciumrole) to learn more about the role of calcium. (a) What are “T-tubulesâ€� and what is their role? (b) Please also describe how actin-binding sites are made available for cross-bridging with myosin heads during contraction.arrow_forwardEvery skeletal muscle fiber is supplied by a motor neuron at the NMJ. Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/skelmuscfiber) to learn more about what happens at the neuromuscular junction. (a) What is the definition of a motor unit? (b) What is the structural and functional difference between a large motor unit and a small motor unit? Can you give an example of each? (c) Why is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine degraded after binding to its receptor?arrow_forward1. What are the two types of muscle movement categories? Give an example for both. 2. Describe Swammerdam's experiment and Galvani's experiment with frog legs. What did they tell us abc ard contraction? 3. What is the sliding-filament model for muscle contraction? Describe the role of actin and myosin of sarcc the model (be specific). 4. Describe how an action potential triggers muscle contraction. Know the specific molecules involved. 5. Describe the structural and functional differences between smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. What are ardings ine E- three types of skeletal muscle fibers and how do they differ in structure and function? Library arly Alert « Previous Next MacBook Proarrow_forward
- The release of calcium ions initiates muscle contractions.Watch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/calciumrole) to learn more about the role of calcium. (a)What are “T-tubules” and what is their role? (b) Pleasealso describe how actin-binding sites are made available forcross-bridging with myosin heads during contraction.arrow_forwardGiven these events:(1) Calcium ions combine with tropomyosin.(2) Calcium ions combine with troponin.(3) Tropomyosin pulls away from actin.(4) Troponin pulls away from actin.(5) Tropomyosin pulls away from myosin.(6) Troponin pulls away from myosin.(7) Myosin binds to actin.arrow_forwardGiven these events:(1) Calcium ions combine with tropomyosin.(2) Calcium ions combine with troponin.(3) Tropomyosin pulls away from actin.(4) Troponin pulls away from actin.(5) Tropomyosin pulls away from myosin.(6) Troponin pulls away from myosin.(7) Myosin binds to actin.Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order they occurduring muscle contraction.a. 1,4,7 c. 1,3,7 e. 2,3,7b. 2,5,6 d. 2,4,7arrow_forward
- Thick and thin myofilaments have different properties. For each phrase below, indicate whether the filament described is thick or thin (write thick or thin in the blanks).__(1) contains myosin heads__(2) contains actin__(3) does not lie in the H zone__(4) contains myosin__(5) attaches to a Z disc__(6) does not lie in the I bandarrow_forwardSeconds Put the steps of excitation-contraction in order: 1 Myosin "heads" pivot, cause [ Choose ] Calcium is taken back up and the muscle relaxes Action potential triggers Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum ACh produces large EPSP in muscle fiber 4 Muscle contracts Binding of Ca2+ to troponin causes myosin to bind to actin 5. EPSP evokes muscle action potential Alpha motor neurons release ACh Myosin "heads" pivot, cause filaments to walk along filament 7 [ Choose ) 8. [Choose ]arrow_forwardWatch this video (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/micromacro) to learn more about macro- and microstructures of skeletal muscles. (a) What are the names of the “junction points” between sarcomeres? (b) What are the names of the “subunits” within the myofibrils that run the length of skeletal muscle fibers? (c) What is the “double strand of pearls” described in the video? (d) What gives a skeletal muscle fiber its striated appearance?arrow_forward
- 8. Neurons release acetylcholine, which binds to receptors on muscle cell membranes, stimulates an action potential in the muscle cell, and causes the muscle to contract. This statement is true false 9. Under muscle contraction, action potentials are carried along T tubules to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, where they cause the release of sodium ions. This statement is true false 10. In the sliding-filament model, the myosin molecules bend, causing the actin molecules to slide past. This statement is true falsearrow_forwardAn energy storage compound that can be stockpiled in muscle cells for short-term use is (a) myoglobin (b) ADP (c) troponin (d) myosin (e) creatine phosphatearrow_forwardWhat causes rigor mortis? Choose all that apply. Ca2+ leak out of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which results in myosin binding to actin. No more ATP is being made. Without the binding of ATP, the myosin head will not release from actin. Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels continue to open and close. The somatic motor neuron continues to send signals.arrow_forward
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