Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 4, Problem 6TY
Summary Introduction
A large network of membranes enclosing the nucleus is known as the endomembrane system. The membranes of the endomembrane system are used to divide cells into organelles. The endomembrane system contains various organelles. Each organelle of the endomembrane system performs a specific role. Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum are a part of the endomembrane system and are involved in vesicle transport.
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Cells transporting substances across their membranes is essential. Choose TWO of the following types of cellular transport.
๏osmosis ๏active transport
(b)Using the same transport types, identify a specific cell that utilizes that type of transit (i.e. one cell for each transport type, or two different cell examples), and detail a substance that is transferred. (c)A typical human lymphocyte has a radius of about 10 μm, while a typical bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae) has a radius of about 1 μm. Assuming that both cell types are perfectly spherical, compare and contrastthe transport mechanisms for each of these cells.
If cells are treated with colchicine, a drug that promotes microtubule disassembly, the location of the ER and Golgi both change dramatically. Rather than being spread out quite widely through the cytoplasm, the ER appears to collapse into the area near the nucleus. (Recall that the ER membrane and the outer nuclear envelope are continuous with one another). In contrast, the Golgi stacks disperse from their usually more compact, central location to areas all over the cell. However, if colchicine is removed, and microtubules are allowed to reassemble, both organelles eventually return to their normal distribution in the cells. How do you account for the change in distribution of the ER & Golgi when microtubules are depolymerized? What protein(s), other than tubulins, allow normal cellular organization to be restored once colchicine is removed? (answer should include information to explain both the ER & Golgi)
Various types of vesicle coats have been implicated in membrane traffic pathways such as endocytosis, export from the ER to the Golgi, and transport between Golgi cisternae. But so far, no coat has been identified for the secretory vesicles that carry material from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. Do you think such a coat is likely to exist?
Chapter 4 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 4.1 - What properties of deep-sea vents made them...Ch. 4.1 - Which protobiont seems most similar to todays...Ch. 4.1 - Core Skill: Connections Look back at Figure 3.11....Ch. 4.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 4.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 4.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 4.3 - Prob. 1CSCh. 4.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 4.3 - Prob. 2CSCh. 4.4 - Prob. 1CS
Ch. 4.4 - Describe the type of movements that occur between...Ch. 4.4 - Prob. 2CSCh. 4.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 4.5 - Prob. 1CSCh. 4.5 - If we consider the Golgi apparatus as three...Ch. 4.5 - The Nucleus and Endomembrane System Experimental...Ch. 4.5 - Prob. 2EQCh. 4.5 - Prob. 3EQCh. 4.5 - Prob. 3CCCh. 4.6 - Prob. 1CCCh. 4.6 - Core Skill: Connections Look ahead to Figure...Ch. 4.7 - Prob. 1CCCh. 4.7 - Prob. 2CCCh. 4 - The cell theory states that a. all living things...Ch. 4 - Prob. 2TYCh. 4 - Prob. 3TYCh. 4 - Prob. 4TYCh. 4 - Each of the following is part of the endomembrane...Ch. 4 - Prob. 6TYCh. 4 - Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum...Ch. 4 - Prob. 8TYCh. 4 - Prob. 9TYCh. 4 - Which of the following observations would not be...Ch. 4 - What are the four stages that led to the origin of...Ch. 4 - Explain how motor proteins and cytoskeletal...Ch. 4 - Prob. 3CQCh. 4 - Discuss the roles of the genome and proteome in...Ch. 4 - Prob. 2COQ
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- Researchers tried to explain how vesicular transport occurs in cells by attempting to assemble the transport components. They set up microtubular tracks along which vesicles could be transported, and they added vesicles and motor protein kinesin. Yet, when they put everything together, there was no movement or transport of vesicles. What were they missing? endoplasmic reticulum contractile microfilaments OATP an axon intermediate filamentsarrow_forwardThe plasma membrane of all animal cells contain the Na+/K+ pump. If you consider the clathrin-coated vesicles that are bringing this protein from the Trans-Golgi Network to the plasma membrane: Why is the membrane of this vesicle asymmetric, and where was this asymmetry established?arrow_forwardYou are using fluorescence microscopy to study a plasma membrane protein that is fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). Adding GFP to a protein allows us to monitor the protein in live cells using light microscopy without the need for any special stains. Under baseline conditions, the fusion protein is evenly distributed over the surface of the cell. You use the microscope software and laser to photobleach an ROI and watch for the recovery of fluorescence in real time. you have a control protein, a GFP fusion with the insulin receptor, where the ROI fully recovers from photobleaching in 10 min. However, when Protein X is fused with GFP, the fluorescence recovers only to 10% the starting levels in 10 min in the same cell type under the same experimental conditions. Provide two different, reasonable explanations for the different results with these two fusion proteins.arrow_forward
- The sodium Na+/Glucose symport moves sodium and glucose across the plasma membrane. A) Describe was is meant by a symport. Include in your answer whether a symport is an example of a channel protein or a carrier protein. B) Why does the Na+/Glucose transporter work in only one direction? C) Describe how glucose can be both actively and passively transported into an out of the same cell. Include in your description how localization of transport proteins allows for these two different types of transport to occur in the same cell.arrow_forwardTransferrin is transmembrane glycoprotein, which mediates the transport of iron. Which of the following shows the correct route for the production of this membranous protein? O a. Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, Lysosome O b. Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, plasma membrane O c. Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, plasma membrane O d. Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, plasma membrane O e. Rough ER, Golgi apparatus, transport vesicles, plasma membranearrow_forwardYou visualize your protein of interest in small punctate dots within the cell. You believe the protein could be traveling in a vesicle between the Golgi and ER. What type(s) of vesicles could your protein be in? To confirm the type of vesicle your protein is traveling in you GFP tag a protein that will help you identify the vesicle type. Please state what protein you will tag and, if found together with your protein of interest, what vesicle your protein is traveling in.arrow_forward
- Cells transporting substances across their membranes is essential. Choose TWO of the following types of cellular transport. ๏osmosis ๏active transport ๏facilitated diffusion ๏endocytosis / exocytosis (a)For each type of transport you choose, describe the transport process. Explain how the organization of cell membrane plays a role the movement of specific molecules across membrane. (b)Using the same transport types, identify a specific cell that utilizes that type of transit (i.e. one cell for each transport type, or two different cell examples), and detail a substance that is transferred. (c)A typical human lymphocyte has a radius of about 10 μm, while a typical bacterium (e.g., S. pneumoniae) has a radius of about 1 μm. Assuming that both cell types are perfectly spherical, compare and contrastthe transport mechanisms for each of these cells.arrow_forwardIn a monolayer of cultured epithelial cells, the cells may or may not have formed tight junctions. What experimental test could be used to determine it the cells have functional tight junction structures? Place a small dye (1 k Da in molecular weight) into the culture media of cells cultured on a glass coverslip and use live imaging to monitor whether the dye can penetrate into the O cytoplasm of the cells, as would be expected if the cells have functional tight junctions. Inject a cell with a small dye (<1 kDa in molecular weight) and use live cell imaging to track whether the dye moves into neighboring cells, as would be expected if the cells have functional O tight junctions.arrow_forwardWhile performing fluorescent microscopy to observe the transport of bulk molecules into a cell a researcher uses a green, fluorescent bulk protein and a red fluorescent dye to stain the cell membrane. If the cell has the ability to transport the bulk proteins into the cell, what would we expect to see in the microscope when the images are merged? What would we expect to see if the cell did not have the ability to transport the bulk protein?arrow_forward
- What is an analogy for a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?arrow_forwardThe salt concentration in the cytosol of body cells of seawater fish is lower than it is in their environment. This causes the fish to continually lose water. To compensate for this loss, seawater fish continuously ingest water and rely on membrane-bound proteins on their gills for the removal of salt ions back to the environment. Which of the following describes the most likely mechanism of membrane transport used by seawater fish to remove the salt ions? A B с D exocytosis simple diffusion active transport facilitated diffusionarrow_forwardCarrot sticks that are immersed in fresh water for several hours become stiff. Similar carrot sticks left in a salt solution become limp. From this we can deduce that the cytoplasm of the cells of the carrot stick is: Isotonic with the fresh water but hypotonic to the salt solution Hypotonic to both the fresh water and the salt solution Hypertonic to both the fresh water and the salt solution Hypertonic to the fresh water, but hypotonic to the salt solution Hypotonic to the fresh water, but hypertonic to the salt solutionarrow_forward
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