Chapter 4, Problem 4.98QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given set of process the equations representing the process should be determined.

Concept Introduction

• The electron affinity is the amount of energy released during the process when an isolated atom in gaseous phase accepts an electron that results in monovalent gaseous anion.

             Example:

${\mathrm{Cl}}_{(g)}+e^{-}\to {\mathrm{Cl}}^{-}{}_{(g)}+349kJ/mol$

• The electron affinity gets increases across the periods that are the horizontal rows in the   periodic table.

To identify: The equations for the given electron affinity process for the given ions

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: For the given set of process the equations representing the process should be determined.

Concept Introduction

• The electron affinity is the amount of energy released during the process when an isolated atom in gaseous phase accepts an electron that results in monovalent gaseous anion.

             Example:

${\mathrm{Cl}}_{(g)}+e^{-}\to {\mathrm{Cl}}^{-}{}_{(g)}+349kJ/mol$

• The electron affinity gets increases across the periods that are the horizontal rows in the   periodic table.

To identify: The equations for the given electron affinity process for the given ions

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

First ionization energy:

The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an isolated atom which is in the gaseous state results to give gaseous ion with one positive charge.

${\text{atom}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\to {\text{ion with positive charge}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\text{ + electron}$

Second ionization:

Repeating the same process that is removal of another electron that is second electron from the resulting ion of first ionization is called second ionization.

Third ionization energy:

Removal of electron from ion that results from the second ionization is called third ionization which results to give ion with three positive charges which shows, three electrons gets removed from the atom and the energy associated with it is called third ionization energy.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Concept Introduction

First ionization energy:

The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an isolated atom which is in the gaseous state results to give gaseous ion with one positive charge.

${\text{atom}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\to {\text{ion with positive charge}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\text{ + electron}$

Second ionization:

Repeating the same process that is removal of another electron that is second electron from the resulting ion of first ionization is called second ionization.

Third ionization energy:

Removal of electron from ion that results from the second ionization is called third ionization which results to give ion with three positive charges which shows, three electrons gets removed from the atom and the energy associated with it is called third ionization energy.