Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Draw the flow chart and perform the degree of freedom analysis.
Concept introduction:
The degree of freedom is given by the equation as,
Where,
(b)
Interpretation:
Prove that reported percentages are not correct.
Concept introduction:
The degree of freedom is given by the equation as,
Where,
(c)
Interpretation:
Prove that results are correct and calculate the percentage air fed and fractional conversion of pentane.
Concept introduction:
The degree of freedom is given by the equation as,
Where,
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Chapter 4 Solutions
ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF CHEM. PROCESS.
- 3. Given: Soda and lime are added to a glass batch in the form of soda ash (Na,CO,) and limestone (CaCO). During heating, these two ingredients decompose to give off carbon dioxide (CO₂), the resulting products being soda and lime. Find: Compute the weight of soda ash and limestone that must be added to 110 lb of quartz (SiO₂) to yield a glass of composition 72 wt% SiO₂, 16 wt% Na₂O, and 12 wt% Cao. Solution:arrow_forwardSolid calcium (CaF2) reacts with sulfuric acid to form solid calcium sulfate and gaseous hydrogen fluoride. The HF is then dissolved in water to form hydrofluoric acid. A source of calcium fluoride is fluorite ore containing 96 wt% CaF2 and 4% SiO2. In a typical hydrofluoric acid manufacturing process, fluorite ore is reacted with 93 wt% aqueous sulfuric acid, supplied 15% in excess of the stoichiometric amount. Ninety-five percent of the ore dissolves in the acid. Some of the HF formed reacts with the dissolved silica in the reaction 6 HF + SIO2 (aq) – H2SİF6 (9) + 2 H2O (1) The hydrogen fluoride exiting from the reactor is subsequently dissolved in enough water to produce 60 wt% hydrofluoric acid. Calculate the quantity of fluorite ore needed to produce a metric ton of acid. Express your answer into three significant figures.arrow_forwardA solid fuel, described by the chemical structure below, is combusted in 10% excess air. If necessary, clearly state any assumptions required to develop your solution. H Н —с — N — с — s — н | || 0 = C S H (a) Determine the mass feed rate (g/min) of the fuel such that 10,000 m³/min of total flue gas is generated at 1500 °C and 1 atm. (b) Determine the effluent SO2 concentration (ppm,) at STP and dry conditions.arrow_forward
- 4.64. The gas-phase reaction between methanol and acetic acid to form methyl acetate and water CH;OH + CH3COOH = CH3COOCH3 + H2O (A) (В) (C) (D) takes place in a batch reactor. When the reaction mixture comes to equilibrium, the mole fractions of the four reactive species are related by the reaction eqilibrium constant Ky : = 4.87 YAYB (a) Suppose the feed to the reactor consists of n40,NB0, NCo, NDO, and no gram-moles of A, B, C, D, and an inert gas, I, respectively. Let į be the extent of reaction. Write expressions for the gram-moles of each reactive species in the final product, nA(2), nB(3), nc(E), and np(3). Then use these expressions and the given equilibrium constant to derive an equation for , the equilibrium extent of reaction, in terms of n20,.., N1o. (see Example 4.6-2.) (b) If the feed to the reactor contains equimolar quantities of methanol and acetic acid and no other species, calculate the equilibrium fractional conversion. (c) It is desired to produce 70 mol of methyl…arrow_forwardA mixture of methane and air is capable of being ignited only if the mole percent of methane is between 5% and 15%. A mixture containing 9.0 mole% methane in air flowing at a rate of 7:00 x 102 kg/h is to be diluted with pure air to reduce the methane concentration to the lower flammability limit. Calculate the required flow rate of air in mol/h and the percent by mass of oxygen in the product gas. (Note: Air may be taken to consist of 21 mole% O2 and 79% N2 and to have an average molecular weight of 29.0.)arrow_forward1. Fresh air containing 4.00 mole % water vapor is to be cooled and dehumidified to a water content of 1.70 mole% H20. A stream of fresh air is combined with a recycle stream of previously dehumidified air and passed through the cooler. The blended stream entering the unit contains 2.30 mole% H2O. In the air conditioner, some of the water in the feed stream is condensed and removed as liquid. A fraction of the humidified air delivered to the cooler is recycled and the remainder is delivered to a room. Taking 100 mole of dehumidified air delivered to the room as a basis of calculation; calculate the moles of fresh feed, moles of water condensed, and moles of dehumidified air recycled. Recycle stream (R) Fresh air (F) Dehumidifier → 100 moles Water removed (Y)arrow_forward
- A mixture of methane and air is capable of being ignited only if the mole percent of methane is between 5% and 15%. A mixture containing 6.00 mole% methane in air flowing at a rate of 1300.0 kg/h is to be diluted with pure air to reduce the methane concentration to the lower flammability limit. Calculate the required flow rate of air in mol/h and the percent by mass of oxygen in the product gas. (Note: Air may be taken to consist of 21.0 mole% O2 and 79.0 mole% N and hence to have an average molecular weight of 29.0). Required dilution air: 4/1ouy Mass percent O2 in product: iarrow_forwardA gas mixture contains 10.0 mole% H 2O(v) and 90.0 mole% N 2. The gas temperature and absolute pressure at the start of each of the three parts of this problem are 50°C and 500 mm Hg. Ideal-gas behavior may be assumed in every part of this problem.(a) If some of the gas mixture is put in a cylinder and slowly cooled at constant pressure, at what temperature would the first drop of liquid form?(b) If a 30.0-liter flask is filled with some of the gas mixture and sealed and 70% of the water vapor in the flask is condensed, what volume (cm 3 ) would be occupied by the liquid water? What would be the system temperature?(c) If the gas mixture is stored in a rigid-walled cylinder and a low-pressure weather front moves in and the barometric (atmospheric) pressure drops, which of the following would change: (i) the gas density, (ii) the absolute pressure of the gas, (iii) the partial pressure of water in the gas, (iv)the gauge pressure of the gas, (v) the mole fraction of water in the gas, (vi)…arrow_forwardA steady-state process to recover crystalline potassium chromate (K,CrOz) from an aqueous solution of this salt is required. Four thousand kilograms per hour of a solution that is one-third K,CrO, by mass is joined by a recycle stream containing 36.4% K2CrO7, and the combined stream is fed into an evaporator. The concentrated stream leaving the evaporator contains 49.4% K,CrO; this stream is fed into a crystallizer in which it is cooled (causing crystals of K,CrO, to come out of solution) and then filtered. The filter cake consists of K,CrO, crystals and a solution that contains 36.4% K,CrO, by mass; the crystals account for 95% of the total mass of the filter cake. The solution that passes through the filter, also 36.4% K,CrO,, is the recycle stream. 1- Draw the flowchart of the system and put all known information. 2- Calculate the rate of evaporation, the rate of production of crystalline K,CrO7, the feed rates that the evaporator and the crystallizer must be designed to handle, and…arrow_forward
- Two aqueous sulfuric acid solutions are available at a processing facility: 20.0 wt% H2SO4 (sg = 1.139) 60.0 wt% H2SO4 (sg = 1.498) It is desired to mix the two solutions such that the final product has a concentration of 4.00 M (sg-1.213). There is 100 kg of the 20% solution available. If all of this is to be used, calculate: The mass of 60% solution needed The mass and composition of the final productarrow_forwardFeed gas containing of 78.5mol % H₂, 21% of N₂ & 0.5% of Ar is mixed with recycle gas and enters a reactor where 15% N₂ is converted to NH3 as per the reaction. Ammonia from the exit of the reactor is completely separated from unconverted gases. To avoid the buildup of inerts, a small fraction (5%) of the unreacted gases purged and the balance recycled. USING ASPEN/HYSYS Draw the process flow sheet Product rate and Purge rate Basis:100mol/hrarrow_forwardDetermine the volume (L) of hydrogen needed (based on room temperature 25 °C and l atm) to hydrotreat 1 liter crude oil with 1.8 wt % S to a sulfur content of 0.2 wt%. The oil has a specific gravity of 0.8 (compared to water). The stoichiometry follows the following reaction: Oil-S + 2H2¬→O¡I-H2 + H2Sarrow_forward
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