Chapter 4, Problem 4.123QP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The plot for the given seven ionization energies (IE) for the given atom, the shell that has electrons corresponds to the respective IE and the reason for presence of the break in graph should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Cation: Removal of electron from the atom results to form positively charged ion called cation.

Anion: Addition of electron to atom results to form negatively charged ion called anion.

The net charge present in the element denotes the presence or absence of electrons in the element.

First ionization energy:

The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an isolated atom which is in the gaseous state results to give gaseous ion with one positive charge.

${\text{atom}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\to {\text{ion with positive charge}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\text{ + electron}$

Second ionization:

Repeating the same process that is removal of another electron that is second electron from the resulting ion of first ionization is called second ionization.

Third ionization energy:

Removal of electron from ion that results from the second ionization is called third ionization which results to give ion with three positive charges which shows, three electrons gets removed from the atom and the energy associated with it is called third ionization energy.

To plot: The graph considering the given ionization energies for the given element.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The plot for the given seven ionization energies (IE) for the given atom, the shell that has electrons corresponds to the respective IE and the reason for presence of the break in graph should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Cation: Removal of electron from the atom results to form positively charged ion called cation.

Anion: Addition of electron to atom results to form negatively charged ion called anion.

The net charge present in the element denotes the presence or absence of electrons in the element.

First ionization energy:

The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an isolated atom which is in the gaseous state results to give gaseous ion with one positive charge.

${\text{atom}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\to {\text{ion with positive charge}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\text{ + electron}$

Second ionization:

Repeating the same process that is removal of another electron that is second electron from the resulting ion of first ionization is called second ionization.

Third ionization energy:

Removal of electron from ion that results from the second ionization is called third ionization which results to give ion with three positive charges which shows, three electrons gets removed from the atom and the energy associated with it is called third ionization energy.

To determine: The orbital that contains the electron with respect to the energy.

$\begin{array}{l}{\text{IE}}_1\to 3s^1{\text{IE}}_7\to 2p^1\\ {\text{IE}}_2\to 2p^6{\text{IE}}_8\to 2s^2\\ {\text{IE}}_3\to 2p^5{\text{IE}}_9\to 2s^1\\ {\text{IE}}_4\to 2p^4{\text{IE}}_{10}\to 1s^2\\ {\text{IE}}_5\to 2p^3{\text{IE}}_{11}\to 1s^1\\ {\text{IE}}_6\to 2p^2\end{array}$

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation: The plot for the given seven ionization energies (IE) for the given atom, the shell that has electrons corresponds to the respective IE and the reason for presence of the break in graph should be determined.

Concept Introduction:

Cation: Removal of electron from the atom results to form positively charged ion called cation.

Anion: Addition of electron to atom results to form negatively charged ion called anion.

The net charge present in the element denotes the presence or absence of electrons in the element.

First ionization energy:

The ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove the electron from an isolated atom which is in the gaseous state results to give gaseous ion with one positive charge.

${\text{atom}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\to {\text{ion with positive charge}}_{\left(\text{g}\right)}\text{ + electron}$

Second ionization:

Repeating the same process that is removal of another electron that is second electron from the resulting ion of first ionization is called second ionization.

Third ionization energy:

Removal of electron from ion that results from the second ionization is called third ionization which results to give ion with three positive charges which shows, three electrons gets removed from the atom and the energy associated with it is called third ionization energy.

To determine: The reason for the breaks in the curve of the plot for given element.