Concept explainers
(a)
To calculate:
The conduction time from A to B in a single axon if its conduction velocity is 60 m/sec.
Introduction:
Synapse can be defined as a junction present between the two neurons. It comprises of a tiny gap through which the impulses pass by the diffusion of a neurotransmitter. The electrical or chemical signal is passed from one neuron to another neuron or the target.
(b)
To calculate:
The conduction velocities of the three neurons if the total conduction time is 1/60 sec.
Introduction:
Synapse can be defined as a junction present between the two neurons. It comprises of a tiny gap through which the impulses pass by the diffusion of a neurotransmitter. The electrical or chemical signal is passed from one neuron to another neuron or the target.
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Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap Course List)
- Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and presynaptic excitatory neuron B terminates on the same postsynaptic cell on a dendrite located on the side of the cell body opposite the axon hillock. Explain why rapid firing of presynaptic neuron A could bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold through temporal summation, thus initiating an action potential, whereas firing of presynaptic neuron B at the same frequency and the same magnitude of EPSPs may not bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold.arrow_forwardLocal anesthetic is often used in dentistry to lessen the sensation of pain during dental procedures. It prevents propagation of nerve conduction by decreasing the flow of ions. a. Describe how depolarization of an action potential can be blocked by the use of local anesthetic. b. Your classmate explained that once the threshold potential has been reached, the inside charge of the neuron is more positive than the outside charge. Is she correct? Can you compare the inside charge to the outside charge in an axon treated with local anesthetic?arrow_forwardSequence the following list of events of a neuronal action potential by placing 1 next to the first event, 2 next to the second event, and so on. a. _____ The activation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels open, Na+ flood the cytoplasm, and depolarization occurs. b. _____ K+ continue to flow out of the axon until the membrane is hyperpolarized. c. _____ Local potentials cause the membrane to depolarize to threshold. d. _____ The inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na+ channels close as voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ begin to exit the axon, and repolarization begins. e. _____ Repolarization continues and Na+ channels return to restingarrow_forward
- Changes in ion permeability or ion concentration can alter the resting membrane potential of a neuron. For each of the following, select whether each condition would cause hyperpolarization (H), depolarization (D), or very little change (LC) in the resting membrane potential. A. Increase in [K*]out [Select] B. Increase in [Na]out [Select] C. Increase in Na+ permeability [Select] D. Adding TTX [Select] E. Adding dinitrophenol (a metabolic poison) [ Select]arrow_forwardGiven the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct sequence for transmission at a chemical synapse? 1. neurotransmitter binds with receptor 2. sodium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm 3. action potential depolarizes the presynaptic membrane 4. ion channel opens to allow particular ion to enter cell 5. synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft O 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 O 5, 1, 2, 4, 3 O 2, 3, 5, 4, 1 O4, 3, 1, 2, 5 O 3, 2, 5, 1, 4arrow_forwardIn Japan, the consumption of “Fugu” (a kind of sashimi sushi) is considered to be a “manly” act. The danger associated with consuming Fugu is due to the presence of tetrodotoxin, a potent neurotoxin found in various organs of the pufferfish. a. If the Fugu toxin on a neuron “driving” toward Ex of most permeable ion, is an action potential more or less likely under these conditions? b.Which (flaccid or tonic) is the result in this case? What would be the associated physical symptoms of this condition?arrow_forward
- A neuron with a resting membrane potential of -75 mV receives multiple inputs giving rise to the following post-synaptic potentials: -15 mV, 20 mV, -5 mV, 7 mV, and 22 mV. The threshold is -50 mV. What will be the outcome? An action potential (AP) will be generated because there are more positive than negative inputs а. b. No action potential because the presence of a single IPSP is sufficient to prevent an AP О с. An action potential (AP) will be generated because the sum exceeds the threshold O d. An action potential (AP) will be generated because the sum of inputs is a positive value Ое. No action potential (AP) will be generated because the sum of inputs is below the thresholdarrow_forwardBesides the standard post- and pre-synapse that exchange information, non neuronal cell types also play a role in synaptic transmission. One of those are called astrocytes and can form a tripartite synapse. Explain the roles of astrocytes in synaptic transmission.arrow_forwardYou are examining a postsynaptic neuron that has a resting membrane potential of -70 mV and a threshold of -55 mV. If an inhibitory presynaptic neuron creates an IPSP of -5 mV and two excitatory presynaptic neurons have EPSPS of 10 and 12 mV, will the postsynaptic neuron fire an action potential if all three pre- synaptic neurons fire at the same time? In your answer describe EPSPS, IPSPs, temporal or spatial summation as appropriate.arrow_forward
- +70 D A -70 Time in msec The diagram above shows the changes in membrane potential measured from a single point in a typical mammalian motor neuron that has been artificially stimulated to threshold. Membrane potential in mV Barrow_forwardName and describe the roles of key molecules and membrane structures in maintaining axon membrane resting potential of-70 mV Name and describe the roles of key molecules and membrane structures in propagation of axon membrane action potentials during depolarization at +35 mV Explain why they myelin sheath of white matter neurons allows faster action potential transmission than that of neurons found in gray matter.arrow_forwardAt the peak of the action potential, Vm is approximately -65 mV. Assuming normal intracellular and extracellular K+ concentrations (refer to the table), (1) calculate the driving force (in mV) that acts on K+ ions and (2) use the information obtained in part 1 to determine the direction in which K+ ions will flow (i.e., into the cell or out of cell)arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage Learning