Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134813448
Author: Audesirk, Teresa, Gerald, Byers, Bruce E.
Publisher: Pearson,
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Question
Chapter 39, Problem 3FIB
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
A neuron is a cell that carries electrical impulses. Neurons are specialized cells and function for the transmission of stimuli as electric impulses. Signal transmission takes place with the help of neurotransmitter.
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An action potential has reached the axon terminal of a presynaptic cell. As a result of the action potential you would expect the movement of __________ into the presynaptic cell and the movement of __________ out of the presynaptic cell.
Calcium : neurotransmitter
Sodium : calcium
Neurotransmitter : calcium
Sodium : neurotransmitter
If a postsynaptic cell has synapses from five different cells, and three cause EPSPs and two of them cause IPSPs, give an example of a series of depolarizations and hyperpolarizations that would result in the neuron reaching threshold.
Which of the following are the likely explanations for the failure of a postsynaptic neuron to trigger an action potential? Select all that apply.
The EPSPs are neutralized by the neurotransmitter
The summation of IPSPs and EPSPs is insufficient to depolarize the cell to threshold
The synapses generating the EPSPs are too close to the axon hillock
The synapses generating the EPSPs are too far from the axon hillock
Chapter 39 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 39.1 - describe the structure of a typical neuron?Ch. 39.1 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1TCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 39.2 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 39.2 - explain how an action potential in a presynaptic...Ch. 39.2 - Prob. 3CYLCh. 39.3 - Prob. 1TCCh. 39.3 - Prob. 1CYLCh. 39.3 - Prob. 2CYL
Ch. 39.3 - explain how the brain determines which muscles to...Ch. 39.4 - describe the anatomy of diffuse and centralized...Ch. 39.5 - John comes to the emergency room with neither...Ch. 39.5 - Prob. 1CSCCh. 39.5 - Prob. 2TCCh. 39.5 - Prob. 1CTCh. 39.5 - Prob. 1HYEWCh. 39.5 - distinguish between the central and peripheral...Ch. 39.5 - Prob. 2CYLCh. 39.5 - label diagrams of the human brain and spinal cord,...Ch. 39.5 - Prob. 4CYLCh. 39.5 - Prob. 5CYLCh. 39.5 - Prob. 2CTCh. 39 - Prob. 1MCCh. 39 - Neurotransmitters are typically released by a a....Ch. 39 - Automatic bodily functions such as breathing and...Ch. 39 - Prob. 4MCCh. 39 - Prob. 5MCCh. 39 - Prob. 1FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 2FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 3FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 4FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 5FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 6FIBCh. 39 - Prob. 1RQCh. 39 - Prob. 2RQCh. 39 - What are the four elements of a neuronal pathway,...Ch. 39 - Prob. 4RQCh. 39 - Prob. 5RQCh. 39 - Prob. 6RQCh. 39 - Explain the differences between short-term memory...Ch. 39 - Prob. 1ACCh. 39 - Prob. 2AC
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- Assume presynaptic excitatory neuron A terminates on a postsynaptic cell near the axon hillock and presynaptic excitatory neuron B terminates on the same postsynaptic cell on a dendrite located on the side of the cell body opposite the axon hillock. Explain why rapid firing of presynaptic neuron A could bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold through temporal summation, thus initiating an action potential, whereas firing of presynaptic neuron B at the same frequency and the same magnitude of EPSPs may not bring the postsynaptic neuron to threshold.arrow_forwardWhen action potentials arrive at a synapse between a neuron and another cell, they stimulate the release of molecules of a ________ that diffuse over to that cell.arrow_forwardA neuron responds to adequate stimulation with _______, a type of self-propagating signal.arrow_forward
- Synaptic transmission depends upon :- a-direct transmission of impulses from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuronb- diffusion of neurotransmitters from synaptic knobs into the soma and dendrites of postsynaptic neuronsc- presence of voltage-gated Ca ++ channels in membrane of synaptic knobsd- presence of voltage-gated Ca ++ channels in the subsynaptic membranearrow_forwardA channels opens a postsynaptic membrane that causes a negative ion to enter the cell. What type of graded potential is this?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is TRUE about the depolarization phase of action potential? Group of answer choices: Na-K pump initiates depolarization. Potassium ion channels quickly opens to allow efflux of ions. Depolarization is characterized by the movement of calcium ions out of the cell. Depolarization is primarily triggered by opening of sodium ion channels asap plsarrow_forward
- An undisclosed drug (Drug A) is a drug that can block voltage-gated K+ channels when being introduced into the bloodstream. Explain the effects of Drug A on the action potentials produced by a neuron. If Drug A could be applied selectively to a presynaptic neuron that releases an excitatory neurotransmitter, analyse how would it alter the synaptic effect of the neurotransmitter on the presynaptic cell. Remark: The word count limit (250 words only), no less than 100 wordsarrow_forwardA postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs from neurons X, Y, and Z. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously and repeatedly, the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold and undergoes an action potential. When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, however, there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. Which of the following is correct? Select one: A. The simultaneous stimulation of X and Z is an example of temporal summation. O B. The simultaneous stimulation of X and Y is an example of temporal summation. O C. The repeated rapid stimulation of X is an example of spatial summation. O D. The stimulation of Y causes an IPSP in the postsynaptic neuron. O E. The stimulation of Z causes a hyperpolarization in the postsynaptic neuron.arrow_forwardExplain what happens when an action potential reaches the axon terminus (terminal) by activating the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane. Explanation addressing the question above When an action potential, or nerve impulse, arrives at the axon terminal, it activates voltage-gated calcium channels in the cell membrane. Which is present at a much higher concentration outside the neuron than inside, rushes into the cell. The Ca2+ allows synaptic vesicles to fuse with the axon terminal membrane, releasing neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. The molecules of neurotransmitters diffuse across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptor proteins on the postsynaptic cell. Activation of postsynaptic receptors leads to the opening or closing of ion channels in the cell membrane. This may be depolarizing, making the inside of the cell more positive, or hyperpolarizing making the inside more negative depending on the ions involved. The excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials…arrow_forward
- Summarize the steps in generating an action potential as a flowchart. You can make your flowchart on paper and take a picture of it, or make it electronically. Be sure you’ve included: the location in the neuron and components of the neuron involved, the types of cellular transport and ions involved, how action potentials can be stimulated and inhibited. you can get the information from this: https://youtu.be/HYLyhXRp298arrow_forwardFrom an action potential traveling towards the presynaptic terminal to the potential change in the post synaptic cell, write out each step of ionotropic synaptic transmission. pick a specific neurotransmitter and characterize the appropriate postsynaptic outcome.arrow_forwardExcitatory neurotransmitters open up some sodium ion channels in the postsynaptic dendrite. This allows some sodium ions (Na+) to enter the postsynaptic dendrite, making the membrane potential more positive and bringing it closer to the threshold potential. This increases the likelihood of an action potential. Inhibitory neurotransmitters open up ion channels in the postsynaptic membrane for positive potassium ions (K+) to flow out OR negative chloride ions (Cl-) to flow in. Whether potassium ions go out or chloride ions go in, the postsynaptic cell becomes more negative than the resting membrane potential (further from the threshold potential). This decreases the likelihood of an action potential. The effect of the inhibitory neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic membrane is to a. maintain the resting potential b. hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane c. depolarize the postsynaptic membrane d. decrease the threshold levelarrow_forward
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