HUMAN BIOLOGY
16th Edition
ISBN: 9781260233032
Author: Mader
Publisher: RENT MCG
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Chapter 3.6, Problem 2BTH
Even though Figure 3B does not indicate the need for water, it is an important component of our diet. Where would water interact with these pathways?
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Consider a hypothetical metabolic pathway involving four enzymes to convert molecule A into molecule E:
Enz, E
Enz 1
Enz 2
Enz 3
A
1) A
O2) B
Which molecule is most likely to be a feedback inhibitor that, when present in high concentrations, will reduce the flow of material
through the pathway?
3) C
04) D
B
05) E
C
D
6) none of these
The activity of an allosteric enzyme will be greatest when
1) the pH is optimal for the enzyme.
2) most of the enzyme molecules are in the R conformation.
3) most of the enzyme molecules are in the T conformation.
4) there are equal numbers of enzyme molecules in the R and T conformations.
puiss
What will be the effect on the structure of an allosteric enzyme if a negative allosteric effector is added to a solution of the enzyme?
1) There will be a shift in the equilibrium between the R and T forms; the amount of T will increase.
2) There will be a shift in the equilibrium between the R and T forms; the amount of R will increase.
3) The enzyme will be…
Why is diaeehea a symptom of lactose intolerance?
1-Undigested lactose converts into H20 in the digestive tract via enzymatic reactions, resulting in watery feces.
2-Your nervous system detects the lactose and stimulates your bladder to release fluids to your digestive tract.
3-Bacteria in your gut releases toxins in response to the lactose.
4-Undigested lactose sugars creates a large osmotic gradient for water, which pulls water into the digestive tract.
What is the advantage of using ATP as a common energy source?Another way of asking this question is, “Why does ATP provide anadvantage over using a bunch of different food molecules?” For example,instead of just having a Na+/K+-ATPase in a cell, why not have manydifferent ion pumps, each driven by a different food molecule, like aNa+/K+-glucosase (a pump that uses glucose), a Na+/K+-sucrase (a pumpthat uses sucrose), a Na+/K+-fatty acidase (a pump that uses fatty acids),and so on?
Chapter 3 Solutions
HUMAN BIOLOGY
Ch. 3.1 - State the basic principles of the cell theory.Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 2LOCh. 3.1 - Prob. 3LOCh. 3.1 - Discuss how a researcher might use a GFP-labeled...Ch. 3.1 - How might a meal of a cheeseburger and fries be...Ch. 3.1 - Summarize the cell theory and state its importance...Ch. 3.1 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 3.1 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 3.2 - Distinguish between the structure of a prokaryotic...Ch. 3.2 - Identify the role of the plasma membrane and...
Ch. 3.2 - Summarize how eukaryotic cells evolved from...Ch. 3.2 - Summarize the role of the plasma membrane in a...Ch. 3.2 - Describe the main differences between a eukaryotic...Ch. 3.2 - Describe the possible evolution of the nucleus,...Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 1LOCh. 3.3 - Prob. 2LOCh. 3.3 - Explain how tonicity relates to the direction of...Ch. 3.3 - Compare passive-transport and active-transport...Ch. 3.3 - Summarize how eukaryotic cells move large...Ch. 3.3 - Summarize how the fluid-mosaic model describes the...Ch. 3.3 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 3.3 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 3.4 - Describe the structure of the nucleus and explain...Ch. 3.4 - Summarize the function of the organelles of the...Ch. 3.4 - 3. Explain the role and location of the...Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 3.4 - Explain how the nucleus, ribosomes, and rough...Ch. 3.4 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 3.5 - Prob. 1LOCh. 3.5 - Summarize the major protein fibers In the...Ch. 3.5 - Prob. 3LOCh. 3.5 - Prob. 4LOCh. 3.5 - Prob. 1CYPCh. 3.5 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 3.5 - Prob. 3CYPCh. 3.6 - Prob. 1LOCh. 3.6 - Prob. 2LOCh. 3.6 - Summarize the roles of the anaerobic and aerobic...Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 4LOCh. 3.6 - How might a meal of a cheeseburger and fries be...Ch. 3.6 - Even though Figure 3B does not indicate the need...Ch. 3.6 - Summarize the roles of enzymes in chemical...Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 2CYPCh. 3.6 - Explain why the ATP cycle resembles that of a...Ch. 3.6 - Prob. 4CYPCh. 3 - Prob. 1ACh. 3 - The cell theory states that all life comes from...Ch. 3 - Prob. 3ACh. 3 - 4.The endosymbiotic theory explains which of the...Ch. 3 - Which of the following is not part of the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 6ACh. 3 - Prob. 7ACh. 3 - Prob. 8ACh. 3 - Prob. 9ACh. 3 - Prob. 10ACh. 3 - Prob. 11ACh. 3 - Prob. 12ACh. 3 - The cytoskeleton of a cell consists of all of the...Ch. 3 - Prob. 14ACh. 3 - Prob. 15ACh. 3 - Prob. 16ACh. 3 - Prob. 17ACh. 3 - Prob. 18ACh. 3 - Prob. 1TCCh. 3 - Prob. 2TCCh. 3 - Prob. 3TC
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- The following diagram shows the biosynthesis of B12 coenzymes, starting with the vitamin. DMB is dimethylbenzimidazole. (a) What one additional substrate or cofactor is required by enzyme B?(b) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme C would result in excessiveurinary excretion of what compound?(c) Some forms of the condition described in (b) can be successfully treatedby injection of rather massive doses of vitamin B12. What kind ofgenetic alteration in the enzyme would be consistent with this result?(d) Genetic deficiency in animals of enzyme B will result in excessive urinaryexcretion of what amino acid?arrow_forward1. Shown below is a metabolic pathway: Es E E4 E1 E2 A - B - C - D E3 E6 Q- R – S E7 Es Suppose we have too much of "S" in the cell, please answer the following questions, with regards to feedback inhibition: a) Which enzyme is most likely to be regulated? b) Which substance will act as the 'regulator'? c) Name the "site" where this 'regulator' will bind to the enzyme: d) Is this substance (from #b), a homotropic or heterotropic modulator?arrow_forwardFigure 7.11 Dinitrophenol (DNP) is an "uncoupler" that makes the inner mitochondrial membrane "leaky" to protons. It was used until 1938 as a weight- loss drug. What effect would you expect DNP to have on the change in pH across the inner mitochondrial membrane? Why do you think this might be an effective weight-loss drug? Intermembrane space Mitochondrial matrix ATP Synthase ADP Inner mitochondrial membrane ATP Figure 7.11 ATP synthase is a complex, molecular machine that uses a proton (H) gradient to form ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi). (Credit: modification of work by Klaus Hoffmeier)arrow_forward
- There are many metabolic pathways in a biological system, and it is critical to regulate these pathways so that only particular pathways are active at a single time. Which enzyme would be in the regulation point in the hypothetical pathway shown below. A¹B 2C 3 D4E A) A → B B) B-C C) C-D D) D→ E E) The regulation point is highly dependent upon the metabolic pathway.arrow_forwardDrugs are small molecules that often occur in either a neutral or a charged form, depending on pH. For example, aspirin can be either neutral or lose a proton to be negatively charged. When aspirin is charged, it does not diffuse well into the body. pH varies in the gastrointestinal track. Since the stomach has a low pH (pH=3), it has a larger concentration of neutral aspirin (10-3 M), while the small intestine (pH=6) has a smaller neutral aspirin concentration (10-6 M). For the following, assume that the neutrally charged aspirin molecule has a diffusion coefficient through the cell of 1 x 10-6 cm2/s.arrow_forwardDrugs are small molecules that often occur in either a neutral or a charged form, depending on pH. For example, aspirin can be either neutral or lose a proton to be negatively charged. When aspirin is charged, it does not diffuse well into the body. pH varies in the gastrointestinal track. Since the stomach has a low pH (pH=3), it has a larger concentration of neutral aspirin (10-3 M), while the small intestine (pH=6) has a smaller neutral aspirin concentration (10-6 M). For the following, assume that the neutrally charged aspirin molecule has a diffusion coefficient through the cell of 1 x 10-6 cm2/s. C) We’d like to figure out where in the body aspirin is absorbed as determined by its diffusion rate. If the small intestine has a surface area 50 times that of the stomach, what is the ratio of the diffusion rates in the stomach compared to the small intestine? D) In which part of the GI tract is most of the aspirin absorbed?arrow_forward
- Is it likely that any metabolic pathway can exist without control mechanisms?arrow_forwardWhy does a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation system allow more sensitive regulation of a metabolic process than a simple allosteric system?arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements about de novo purine synthesis is true? (A) Purine nucleotides are formed by separately synthesizing the phosphorylated ribose and the purine ring and then joining them together.(B) GMP is formed first and is used as a precursor to form AMP.(C) The synthesis of AMP from inosinate is driven forward by ATP hydrolysis. (D) GMP synthetase uses NADPH and glutamine to modify the inosinate ring to form GMP.(E) Replacement of the C-1 PPi on PRPP with an amine is required to construct the purine ring on the ribose sugar.arrow_forward
- What is the enzymatic activity of sodium-potassium ATPase (pump)? binds to and hydrolyzes ATP; binds to 3 Na+ in cytoplasm and releases outside cell; binds to 2 K+ outside cell and releases into cytoplasm binds to and hydrolyzes ATP; binds to 2 Na+ in cytoplasm and releases outside cell; binds to 3 K+ outside cell and releases into cytoplasm binds to and hydrolyzes GTP; binds to 3 Na+ in cytoplasm and releases into nucleus; binds to 2 K+ inside cell and releases into lysosome binds to and hydrolyzes 3 ATP; binds to 1 Na+ in cytoplasm and releases outside cell; binds to 1 K+ outside cell and releases into cytoplasmarrow_forward3) Read the situations below and indicate which of the four methods of enzyme regulation is occurring for each. a) The energy-carrying molecule ATP is made by the enzyme ATP synthase. Muscle cells use a lot of energy and also have higher amounts of the ATP synthase enzyme than many other cell types. General mechanism of enzyme regulation: S b) Prostaglandins are messenger molecules involved in the inflammatory response, as well as the perception of pain. They are synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates by an enzym called cyclo-oxygenase. "Ibuprofen" is the active ingredient in a variety of anti-inflammatory medications such as Motrin® and Advil®. It reduces pain and swelling by binding to a hydrophobic channel in the active site of cyclo-oxygenase, blocking the polyunsaturated fatty acids from binding to the enzyme, and therefore stopping production of prostaglandins. General mechanism of enzyme regulation:arrow_forwardThe amino acid histidine is often found in enzymes. Depending on the pH of its environment, sometimes histidine is neutral and at other times it acquires a proton and becomes positively charged. Consider an enzyme with a histidine side chain that is known to have an important role in the function of the enzyme. It is not clear whether this histidine is required in its protonated or its unprotonated state. To answer this question, you measure enzyme activity over a range of pH, with the results shown in below. Which form of histidine is necessary for the active enzyme?arrow_forward
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Endosymbiotic Theory; Author: Amoeba Sisters;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FGnS-Xk0ZqU;License: Standard Youtube License