Sustainable Energy
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781337551663
Author: DUNLAP, Richard A.
Publisher: Cengage,
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Chapter 3, Problem 7P
To determine
Calculate the amount of coal each person process, on average, per day.
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An average American consumes approximately 105 kJ of energy per day. The average life expectancy of an American is 77.9 years.
How much coal would need to be burned to provide enough energy to meet a person's energy demands if the efficiency of energy production from coal is 38%?
☐g coal
1) Heating the water in a 55-gallon water heater requires about 2.0 x 103 kJ of energy.
a) Assume the energy came from natural gas with 80% efficiency; how many grams of natural gas are required?
b) Assume the energy came from electricity with 80% efficiency and that the electricity was produced from the combustion of coal with 30% efficiency; how many grams of coal are required?
For problem above, calculate how much CO2 in grams is emitted to the atmosphere.
For a: Use the balanced equation for the combustion of methane (CH4) to determine how many grams of CO2are produced from the amount of natural gas required.
For b: Assume that coal produces 5.25 kJ of energy per gram of CO2 produced. Calculate how much CO2 in grams is produced.
Consider a 400-MW, 32 percent efficient coal-fired power plant that uses cooling water withdrawn from a nearby river (with an upstream flow of 10-m3/s and temperature 20 °C) to take care of waste heat. The heat content of the coal is 8,000 Btu/lb, the carbon content is 60% by mass, and the sulfur content is 2% by mass.
How much electricity (in kWh/yr) would the plant produce each year?
How many pounds per hour of coal would need to be burned at the plant?
Estimate the annual carbon emissions from the plant (in metric tons C/year).
If the cooling water is only allowed to rise in temperature by 10 °C, what flow rate (in m3/s) from the stream would be required?
What would be the river temperature if all the waste heat was transferred to the river water assuming no heat losses during transfer?
Estimate the hourly SO2 emissions (in kg/h) from the plant assuming that all the sulfur is oxidized to SO2 during combustion.
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- A 1000 MW coal fired power plant (30% efficiency). The coal is 75% carbon and has a heat content of 10, 000 BTU/lb. What is the carbon emission (ton carbon per year)?A 1000 MW natural gas plant (45% efficiency). The gas is CH4 with a heat content 800 BTU/mol. What is the carbon emission (ton carbon per year)?Calculate carbon emission reduction if the above natural gas plant is used to replace the coal fired plant.(Here ton is metric ton, 1 ton=2,200 lb)arrow_forwardProblem 10 A homeowner is trying to decide between a high-efficiency natural gas furnace with an efficiency of 95 percent and a ground-source heat pump with a COP of 3.3. The unit costs of electricity and natural gas are $0.112/kWh and $1.44/therm (1 therm = 105, 500 kJ). Determine which system will have a lower energy cost.arrow_forwardWhat are the values needed to compute for the amount of coal required in kilos for a power plant? please show the full step by step computations. Thank you!arrow_forward
- A petroleum refinery processes 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day and operates with an energy efficiency of 90%. The oil and the petroleum products have enrgy contents of 35 MJ/L. What are the energy and fuel volume flows to and from this refinery, in J/day? ( One barrel of oil is 159 liters).arrow_forwardProblem 3. A nuclear-power station produces 750 MW per year as useful energy. costs include 150 MW lost in distribution, and 290 MW lost as heat. What is the efficiency of the plant? The energyarrow_forwardYou are the manager of a large crude-oil refinery. As part of the refining process, a certain heat exchanger (operated at high temperatures and with abrasive material flowing through it) must be replaced every year. The replacement and downtime cost in the first year is $165,000. This cost is expected to increase due to inflation at a rate of 9% per year for five years (i.e. until the EOY 6), at which time this particular heat exchanger will no longer be needed. If the company's cost of capital is 18% per year, how much could you afford to spend for a higher quality heat exchanger so that these annual replacement and downtime costs could be eliminated? Click the icon to view the interest and annuity table for discrete compounding when i = 9 % per year. Click the icon to view the interest and annuity table for discrete compounding when i = 18% per year. You could afford to spend $ thousands for a higher quality heat exchanger. (Round to one decimal place.)arrow_forward
- It has been suggested that carbon dioxide emissions should be taxed at $30 per metric ton (106 g C). Removal of CO2 from the atmosphere would be worth the same amount. Assume that the atmospheric mixing ratio of CO2 is 400 ppm. What is the value of the carbon in 1 cubic kilometer (km3) of air at Earth’s surface? Calculate the value of all the CO2 in Earth’s atmosphere? [Hints: The total atmospheric mass is 5.1480×1018 kg and it is composed of 80% N2 and 20% O2.arrow_forwardIllustrate and discuss the processes involve in transforming the primary source to the final output of the system in Biomass and Bioenergyarrow_forwardDue to the global warming and some other climate issues, there has been frantic efforts by states and other key stakeholders in the energy value chain to curb exploration, combustion and usage of fossil fuel. As an energy engineer, what are some of the challenges of the conversion process and their mitigation?arrow_forward
- During a camping trip, you see a 30-cm-diameter plastic pipe carrying water from a high reservoir to a stream in the valley. The difference in height between the reservoir's free surface and the stream is 70 meters. You come up with the concept of using this water to generate electricity. Create a power plant that gets the greatest electricity out of this resource. Also, look at the impact of electricity production on water discharge rates. What discharge rate produces the most power?arrow_forwardList three examples of energy production and use practices that you think are unsustainable. Write a short paragraph for each explaining why they are unsustainable and how we might make each of them more sustainable.arrow_forwardIt is meeting the energy requirement of the people at present using the available sources of energy without compromising the need of future generations. O a. environmental efficiency O b. spheres of sustainability O c. renewable energy o d. environmental sustainabilityarrow_forward
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