(a)
Interpretation: To identify the number of amide
Concept introduction: A functional group is an atom or a molecule in the compound which gives the characteristic property to that particular compound. It is the site where the reaction takes place.
(b)
Interpretation: To identify which OH groups are attached to sp3 C-atom and which are attached at sp2 hybridized C-atoms.
Concept introduction: A sp3 hybridization is shown by the C-atoms which are bonded to four substituents and a sp2 carbon atom is bonded to three substituents.
(c)
Interpretation: To identify whether the given compound vancomycin is water soluble or not.
Concept introduction: Hydrogen bonding is seen in those molecules in which a hydrogen atom is bonded to an electronegative atom containing a lone pair like F, N or O. Hydrogen bond is formed when a H atom bonded to the electronegative atom gets attracted towards the lone pair of the electronegative atom present on another molecule. Thus, a molecule can form hydrogen bond with water if it contains electronegative atoms like F, N or O.
(d)
Interpretation: To identify the most acidic proton.
Concept introduction: The most acidic proton is the one present on the functional group which can donate a proton readily and can form salt.
(e)
Interpretation: To identify three functional groups which can form hydrogen bonds.
Concept introduction: Hydrogen bonding is seen in those molecules in which a hydrogen atom is bonded to an electronegative atom containing a lone pair like F, N or O. Hydrogen bond is formed when a H atom bonded to the electronegative atom gets attracted towards the lone pair of the electronegative atom present on another molecule.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 3 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- Vancomycin is a useful antibiotic for treating infections in cancer patients on chemotherapy and renal patients on dialysis. How many amide functional groups are present in vancomycin? Which OH groups are bonded to sp3 hybridized carbon atoms and which are bonded to sp2 hybridized carbons?arrow_forward1. The Ability of a substance to exist in different crystalline form a. Lattice b. Polymorphism c. Crystallization d. Amphoterism 2. A drug can exert its pharmacological effect only if it is a. Protein bound b. Protein unbound c. Free drug d. Both B & C e. Both A & C 3. In order for the drug to be ready and available for absorption, it must be release first from its dosage form with the exception of: a. Capsule b. Tablet c. Solution d. Suspension 4. All of the following are true, except a. Solubility increase with decrease particle size b. Solubility increase with increase surface area c. Solubility increase with increase particle size d. Solubility decrease with decrease surface area 5. The rate in which the drug appears in the bloodstream is also known as a. Half-life b. Potency c. Bioavailability d. Area under the curvearrow_forward9. Which of these compounds has chemical properties most similar to the chemical properties of ethanoic acid? 1. C₂H-COOH 2C₂H₂OH 3. C₂H5COOC₂H5 4. C₂H5OC₂H5arrow_forward
- Amide hydrolysis in basic conditions forms A. a carboxylic acid and an amine B. a carboxylate salt and an amine 3. an ester and an amine 4. a carboxylic acid and an amine saltarrow_forwardIt is a component of nylon 66. a. Phthalic acid b. Lauric acid O c. Benzoic acid d. Adipic acid e. Ethanoic acid Primary amine can be prepared by a. Reacting an alkyl halide with sodium azide. b. Reacting an amide with water under heat. O c. Reacting alkyl halide with NaCN followed by LiAlH4 in ether, then with water. O d. Reacting carboxylic acid with R-NH2 and NaBH4. Which of the following will give a positive reaction with Tollen's reagent? a. All of the above b. Butanone O c. 3-pentanone Od. Pentanal O e. Butanalarrow_forwardWhich of the following will form hydrogen bond with NH3? A.H2O B.CH4 C.CI2 D.CO2arrow_forward
- 1. Show how to separate mixture of salt from oil. 2. Explain why alkanes are hydrophobic?arrow_forwardIt has been known for a very long time that lemon juice can mask the "fishy" smell of cooked fish. The "fishy" smell is often due to the presence of amines, such as putrescine, shown below. Lemon juice contains up to 5% citric acid, also shown below. Based on your knowledge amine chemistry and carboxylic acid chemistry, what could be occurring when lemon juice is put on the cooked fish? H₂N NH₂ putrescine, a smelly fish compound HO O O OH 0 OH OH citric acid, a major componant in lemon juice The citric acid undergoes an E2 reaction with the putrescine. The citric acid protonates the putrescine. The citric aicd undergoes and Sn2 reactions with putrescine. The citric acid oxidizes the putrescine. The citric acid hybridizes the putrescine.arrow_forward62. Polar molecules cannot easily pass through the cell membrane, but hydrophobic molecules can easily pass through the membrane. The two molecules shown in the diagram both have effects that include raising blood pressure. Comparing two molecules to the right, which statement is TRUE? HO OH Ephedrine OH Epinephrine HO A) Ephedrine can more easily pass through the cell membrane than epinephrine. B) Epinephrine can more easily pass through the cell membrane than ephedrine. Both epinephrine and ephedrine can pass through the cell membrane equally well. D) Neither epinephrine nor ephedrine can pass through the cell membrane. E) None of the statements is true. C) 63. According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, when is the pH equal to the pk₂? A) when the concentration of acid is close to zero B) when the pH approaches 7 C) when the concentration of the conjugate base is equal to the ionization constant for water D) when the concentration of the conjugate base is equal to the…arrow_forward
- C. Amides 1. Amidation a. Acetic acid + ammoniaarrow_forward2. What is produced when an amine reacts with water? A. A primary alcohol and ammonia B. An amide and a hydrogen (H+) ion C. An ammonium ion and a hydroxide (OH-) ion D. An amide and a hydroxide (OH-) ionarrow_forwardTrue or false The hydroxyl group found in an organic compound is responsible for its basicity. Aromatic hydrocarbons are considered polar and has high affinity to water. Acidic drugs are a class of chemical compounds that normally have high hydrophilicity and negative charges. Amino groups attached to hydrocarbons are considered polar which may be responsible for its solubility. Lipophilic drugs have a faster rate of absorption than hydrophilic drugs.arrow_forward
- Chemistry: An Atoms First ApproachChemistryISBN:9781305079243Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. ZumdahlPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningIntroductory Chemistry: A FoundationChemistryISBN:9781337399425Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage Learning