Concept explainers
Antibiotics are chemically diverse antimicrobial compounds produced by microorganisms. Each antibiotic works by inhibiting a specific cellular process in the target microorganisms. The β-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins, target bacterial cell wall synthesis and are the most important class of clinical antibiotics. The aminoglycosides, macrolides, and tetracycline antibiotics selectively interfere with protein synthesis in Bacteria. The quinolones are an important class of synthetic antibacterial drugs that inhibit DNA synthesis. Daptomycin and platensimycin are structurally novel antibiotics that target cytoplasmic membrane functions and lipid biosynthesis, respectively.
What are the common sources for natural antibiotics? How do these antimicrobial drugs differ from growth factor analogs, such as the sulfa drugs? Why are β-lactam antibiotics generally more effective against gram-positive bacteria than against gram-negative bacteria?
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Brock Biology of Microorganisms (15th Edition)
- Antibiotics that target bacterial molecules not previously exploited are desperately needed. One such target is the protein FtsZ. The small molecule 3-methoxybenzamide (3-MBA) is known to inhibit FtsZ in Bacillus subtilis but is not bacteriocidal. Nonetheless, researchers reasoned that 3-MBA offered a good starting point for the synthesis of a molecule that might be a potential drug candidate. Over 500 3-MBA analogues were synthesized and screened; one called PA190723 was extremely potent in its capacity to bind FtsZ and inhibit bacterial growth. In fact, when used in a mouse model, PA190723 was bacteriocidal against methicillinand multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. What makes FtsZ a good drug target? What preliminary information about 3-MBA would be helpful if you were designing the 3-MBA analogues? As these researchers move forward with clinical (human) testing, what other parameters and outcomes must be assessed besides the bacteriocidal activity of PA190723?arrow_forwardWhether an antimicrobial is broad spectrum or narrow spectrum depends on its mode of action. For the following 2 hypothetical drugs, predict whether they are broad spectrum or narrow spectrum. Explain your reasoning: 4. a. Drug A interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis - b. Drug B interferes with 70S ribosome function- c. Drug C interferes with synthesis of a vitamin –arrow_forwardA pathogenic bacteria ferments for survival in your patient producing a swollen, dark discolored leg due to muscles degradation and gas-filled distension on the skin. Treatment includes pressurized hyperbaric oxygen. Which of the following apply? None of the statements apply Streptococcus pneumoniae causing community aquired pneumonia. Klebsiella pneumoniae causing cellular degradation in pulmonary tissues Clostridium perfringens causing gas gangrene resulting in myonecrosis by synthesis of acids and gases Staphylococcus aureus producing lipases and proteasesarrow_forward
- The structures of two antiviral drugs are shown below. Draw the structures of the natural compounds they mimic and briefly describe in your own words the mechanism of action of these drugs. Br- `NH НО N' HO-P Но- HO Но. он (a) Foscarnet (b) Brivudinearrow_forwardWhat is the main group of microorganisms producing the most antibiotics? Describe the biochemical characteristics of this microorganism and provide TWO (2) examples of antibiotics produced by these microbes.arrow_forwardMost antibacterial drugs disrupt or destroy prokaryotic cellular structures or processes that are different than those of eukaryotic cells or may not even be present in eukaryotic cells. List and describe at least three prokaryotic cellular features that could be targeted to inhibit or kill a bacterial pathogen without harming its eukaryotic host.arrow_forward
- With the aid of diagrams, illustrate the biochemical basis of the following: Allopurinol used in the management of gout Hydroxyurea as an antineoplastic agent 6-mercaptopurine, an anticancer agent Trimethoprim, an antibacterial agentarrow_forwardWhat class of macromolecule is antivenin? Either: Lipid, Carbohydrate, Nucleic acid, Protein Context: Although our local poison control center had no knowledge of caterpillar envenomation, they facilitated contact with clinicians from Brazil, who recommended immediate administration of a locally produced antivenin. We made arrangements to obtain the antivenin from Brazil, which took 48 hours to arrive.arrow_forwardessential oils have been studied as potential antimicrobial agents. These naturally occuring compounds are linked to having the following type of activity in clinical trials: virucidal, septicidal, bactricidal, fungicidalarrow_forward
- Identify a correct statement about tetracyclines. Multiple Choice They have a narrow antibacterial spectrum. They are bactericidal in nature. They bind irreversibly to bacterial ribosomes to inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Their widespread use has allowed the emergence of bacterial resistance.arrow_forwardChoose the false statement: Penicillin is a ß lactam which inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting DNA polymerase. O Resistance to ß lactamase inhibitors arises when bacteria duplicate the ß lactamase gene. O B lactamase inhibitors are prescribed together with antibiotics like penicillin in order to combat resistance to these antibiotics. Question 10 Choose the false statement below: OUsing multiple antimicrobials in combination is an ineffective strategy because they generally are redundant in effect and the chance of drug resistance will be increased. O Because of its complex structure and multiple binding sites, the ribosome is the target for multiple types of antibiotics. O Choice of an antimicrobial agent may be dependent upon the material treated as well as the susceptíbility of the microbe.arrow_forwardChlamydia are pathogenic bacteria that must be grown within a eukaryotic host cell. They rely on the host cell for many nutrients, including nucleotides, lipids, and amino acids. It is thus no surprise that when grown in co-culture with a host depleted of any of these metabolites, chlamydial growth declines. However, high levels of certain amino acids also inhibit chlamydial growth. Specifically, the amino acids leucine, isoleucine, methionine, and phenylalanine slow down the growth by inhibiting the amino acid transporter called BrnQ. On the other hand, if valine is present in the medium these amino acids have no effect on BrnQ. Discuss how this might be possiblearrow_forward