Campbell Biology
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780135188743
Author: Urry
Publisher: PEARSON
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Textbook Question
Chapter 27, Problem 27.2CR
Mutations are rare and prokaryotes reproduce asexually, yet their populations can have high genetic diversity. Explain how this can occur.
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True or False? Mutations are never introduced during normal cellular processes in the eukaryotic cell.
Bacterial endospores form when the environment is no longer conducive to active cell metabolism. The soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis, for example, begins the process of sporulation when one or more nutrients aredepleted. The end product is a small, metabolically dormant structure that can survive almost indefinitely with no detectable metabolism. Spores have mechanisms to prevent accumulation of potentially lethal mutations in their DNA over periods of dormancy that can exceed 1,000 years. B. subtilis spores are much more resistant than are the organism’s growing cells to heat, UV radiation, and oxidizing agents, all of which promote mutations.(a) One factor that prevents potential DNA damage in spores is their greatly decreased water content. How would this affect some types of mutations?(b) Endospores have a category of proteins called small acid-soluble proteins (SASPs) that bind to their DNA, preventing formation of cyclobutane-type dimers. What causes cyclobutane dimers, and why…
Some bacteria might be able to respond to environmental stress by increasing the rate at which
mutations occur during cell division. How might this be accomplished? Do you think there
would be an evolutionary advantage of this ability? Explain.
Chapter 27 Solutions
Campbell Biology
Ch. 27.1 - Describe two adaptations that enable prokaryotes...Ch. 27.1 - Contrast the cellular and DNA structures of...Ch. 27.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 27.2 - Although rare on a per gene basis, new mutations...Ch. 27.2 - Distinguish between the three mechanisms by which...Ch. 27.2 - In a rapidly changing environment, which bacterial...Ch. 27.3 - Distinguish between the four major modes of...Ch. 27.3 - A bacterium requires only the amino acid...Ch. 27.3 - WHAT IF? Describe what you might eat for a...Ch. 27.4 - Explain how molecular systematics and metagenomics...
Ch. 27.4 - Prob. 2CCCh. 27.5 - Explain how prokaryotes, though small, can be...Ch. 27.5 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Review Figure 10.6. Then...Ch. 27.6 - Identify at least two ways that prokaryotes have...Ch. 27.6 - Prob. 2CCCh. 27.6 - Prob. 3CCCh. 27 - Describe features of prokaryotes that enable them...Ch. 27 - Mutations are rare and prokaryotes reproduce...Ch. 27 - Describe the range of prokaryotic metabolic...Ch. 27 - How have molecular data informed prokaryotic...Ch. 27 - In what ways are prokaryotes key to the survivaI...Ch. 27 - Prob. 27.6CRCh. 27 - Genetic variation in bacterial populations cannot...Ch. 27 - Photoautotrophs use (A) light as an energy source...Ch. 27 - Which of the following statements is not true? (A)...Ch. 27 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 27 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 27 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 27 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 27 - SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY INTERPRET THE DATA The...Ch. 27 - WRITE ABOUT A THEME: ENERGY In a short essay...Ch. 27 - SYNTHESIZE YOUR KNOWLEDGE Explain how the small...
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- Various strains of bacteria are able to transfer genes to eukaryotic hosts. This process of horizontal gene transfer often results in the formation of enzymes in the host organism that assist in metabolic pathways. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for why bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells? A - Bacteria and Eukarya have similar mechanisms for the formation and use of enzymes in metabolic processes. B - Bacteria and Eukarya use the same enzymes in all of their metabolic processes so the genes are interchangeable. C - Bacteria and Eukarya share similar reproductive mechanisms so the cells reproduce without recognizing foreign DNA. D - Bacteria and Eukarya have the same mechanism for replicating DNA so genes can easily be transferred between the two types of cells.arrow_forwardIn the: A mutated TBP protein Explain: (a) What is the process affected? (b) What is the Effect on the process? (c) Does it affect prokaryotes, eukaryotes or both?arrow_forwardA hypothetical gene for cephalosporin resistance is found to be carried by a transposon. Explain what a transposon is. Then explain how the cephalosporin resistance could be horizontally transferred between organisms by transformation, conjugation, and transduction. What steps/events would have to occur to allow the transposon to be transferred by each method. Also, explain how it could be transferred vertically between organisms.arrow_forward
- In the: Exposure to a substance that mutates the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Explain: (a) What is the process affected? (b) What is the Effect on the process? (c) Does it affect prokaryotes, eukaryotes or both?arrow_forwardSome mutations affect changes in protein structure and function that can result in disease whereas other mutations have no significant effects on protein structure and function. Please explain reasons for the above mentioned statement. Human civilization has resulted in a large number of potentially mutagenic chemicals (e.g. pesticides) and has changed the environment to increase the likelihood of encountering other mutagens, especially UV radiation. What roles should the authorities play in identifying mutagens and regulating their release into the environment?arrow_forwardWhy is it easier to identify spontaneous mutations in bacteria than in most eukaryotes? The mutations occur at a much higher frequency. Because bacteria have smaller genomes. The mutations can be induced via exposure to the bacteriophage. The mutations are expressed directly in descendant cells because bacteria are haploid. The mutations are visible as color changes within a bacterial colony.arrow_forward
- You are interested in studying resistance to heavy metals and have selected the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisea to conduct your studies. You have recovered a deletion mutant that does not tolerate high concentrations of zinc (grows poorly in zinc containing media ) and have designated the mutant pgz-1 (for poor growth in zinc ). (a) What is the advantage to the type of mutant used in this work? What class of mutagen was likely use to generate pgz-1? ( b) Do you expect the PGZ gene to be expressed in your mutant? Explain.arrow_forwardDescribe two main reasons why the proteomes of eukaryotes are usuallymuch larger than their genomes.arrow_forwardIf most of the DNA in Bacteria and Archaea is coding DNA and much of the DNA in higher plants and animals is non-coding (does not code for proteins), does this fact make it reasonable that the single-celled Bacteria and Archaea have lower mutation rates per base-pair than do eukaryotes? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- A researcher was mutating prokaryotic cells by inserting segments of DNA. In this way, she made the following mutation:Original TTGACAT 15 to 17 bp TATAATMutant TATAAT 15 to 17 bp TTGACATa. What does this sequence represent?b. What do you predict will be the effect of such a mutation? Explain.arrow_forwardA principle of biology is the genetic material provides ablueprint for reproduction. Explain how gene regulation is animportant mechanism for reproduction and sustaining life.arrow_forwardThe figure below shows the introns and exons found in gene X. The size of each exon and intron is shown as well. A study on this organism found that two mature mRNA molecules are produced for this gene. One is 867 nucleotides in length, and the other is 685 nucleotides in length. Name the process responsible for producing this variation. Also explain how these 867 and 685 nucleotide fragments were produced by referring to the information provided. Hint: This organism produces a poly-A tail of 150 nucleotides.arrow_forward
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