Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
In the context of fatty acid oxidation to acetyl CoA whether AMP is involved in (1) fatty acid activation, (2) fatty acid transport, or (3) β-oxidation has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is an important
(b)
Interpretation:
In the context of fatty acid oxidation to acetyl CoA whether FAD is involved in (1) fatty acid activation, (2) fatty acid transport, or (3) β-oxidation pathway has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
Flavin adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms: oxidized form denoted as FAD and reduced form denoted as FADH2.
(c)
Interpretation:
In the context of fatty acid oxidation to acetyl CoA whether acyl CoA is involved in (1) fatty acid activation, (2) fatty acid transport, or (3) β-oxidation pathway has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
(d)
Interpretation:
In the context of fatty acid oxidation to acetyl CoA whether H2O is involved in (1) fatty acid activation, (2) fatty acid transport, or (3) β-oxidation pathway has to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.
The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.
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General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry
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