What Is Life? A Guide to Biology
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781319065454
Author: Jay Phelan
Publisher: W.H. Freeman & Co
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Chapter 23, Problem 9MC
Summary Introduction
Introduction:
Digestion and absorption are two of the four stages of nutrient extraction.
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A. What is/are the primary role(s) of the large intestine? a. to complete enzymatic digestion and store indigestible material b. to initiate enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates and to store water c. to absorb water from digested material, with essentially no digestive role of its own d. to secrete water into the material that is left over after all available nutrients have been absorbed e. to digest fats A. In the intestine most nutrients are absorbed regardless of whether the body has an immediate need or shortfall of them; ie there is little control over amounts taken up – which of the following does not follow this rule? a. absorption of sodium b. absorption of water c.absorption of iron d. absorption of fat soluble vitamins e. none of the above follow this rule – close control is exerted over all of them
Which of the following is true regarding digestion?
A.
The first segment of the alimentary tract is the duodenum.
B.
Amylase hydrolyzes starches into simple sugars.
C.
Bile hydrolyzes amylase into simple sugars.
D.
Trypsin and chymotrypsin degrade lipids into free fatty acids.
E.
All of the above answer choices correctly answer the question.
In order for the food to be processed and absorbed in an optimal way, there are several feedback mechanisms. One of the most important starts when the food reaches the small intestine, this is sometimes also called the intestinal phase. Describe what happens if the food that reaches the duodenum contains a lot of fat and a lot of protein.
The answer must include:
Which different mechanisms are affected by the respective stimuli (fat and protein) and how (increases or decreases the activity).
What cell type senses stimuli and how these cells react.
Which different signaling pathways (including the signaling substances involved) control the different mechanisms that are affected by the respective stimuli. Feel free to draw.
Chapter 23 Solutions
What Is Life? A Guide to Biology
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- Consider the following nutrients: (water, simple sugar (glucose), amino acid, and fatty acid). Describe where each one is absorbed in the small intestine and which mechanism (active transport, facilitated diffusion, or simple diffusion) drives their movement into the bloodstream. Please be detailed with your explanationarrow_forwardAll of the following are functions of the liver except the a. release of insulin. b. formation of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin). c. formation of LDL particles. d. elimination of bilirubin.arrow_forwarda. What is/are the implication/s of reading food labels and understanding the type of foods we eat? b. How does poor nutrition affect the physiology of the digestive system?arrow_forward
- Describe the processing of a bite of Big Mac by the digestive system beginning with ingestion and ending with elimination of undigestible materials. Include discussion of mechanical and chemical processing and nutrient absorption along the pathway to include enzymes utilized and nutrient types digested at different structures along the pathway as well as the role of the accessory organs .arrow_forwardWhich of the following statements is true?a. Intracellular digestion commonly occurs in vertebrates.b. Absorption of nutrients always requires active transport.c. Alimentary canals have two openings, whereas gastrovascularcavities have only one.d. Extracellular, but not intracellular, digestion requires hydrolyticenzymes.e. Most minerals are absorbed by simple diffusion.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about pepsin? a. Most pepsin is released directly from chief cells.b. Pepsin is most active at high pH.c. Pepsin is essential for protein digestion.d. Pepsin accelerates protein digestion.e. Pepsin accelerates fat digestion.arrow_forward
- A drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) would affect A. the amount of bile produced by the liver. B. the composition of pancreatic secretions. OC. the level of intestinal gastrin. OD. secretions of the duodenal glands. OE. all of the abovearrow_forwardWhich of the following statements regarding protein digestion is incorrect? A. The intestinal enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin continue the chemical breakdown of polypeptides into oligopeptides. B. Chemical digestion of proteins is initiated in the stomach through the action of the enzyme pepsin. C. Mechanical digestion of proteins starts in the mouth through chewing. D. Di- and tripeptides enter the intestinal cells where they are broken down by peptidases into individual amino acids.arrow_forwardWhich of the following is true about carbohydrate digestion? A. Cellulose and lignin found in plants are totally indigestible even with intestinal bacteria. B. The acidity of the stomach prevents chemical digestion of carbohydrates. C. Dextrin and maltose are the products of chemical digestion of starch by pancreatic amylase. D. Disaccharidases produced from the pancreas breaks down oligosaccharides in the intestines.arrow_forward
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