Biology
5th Edition
ISBN: 9781260487947
Author: BROOKER
Publisher: MCG
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Chapter 23, Problem 1COQ
Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, however, antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent. This has undermined the ability of physicians to treat many types of infectious disease. Discuss how the following processes that alter allele frequencies may have contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains:
- a. random mutation
- b. genetic drift
- c. natural selection
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Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, however, antibiotic-
resistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent. This resistance has undermined the effectiveness of
antibiotics in treating many types of infectious disease. Discuss how the following processes that alter allele frequencies may have
contributed to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains:
A. Random mutation
B. Genetic drift
C. Natural selection
Identify each of the following as an example of allele, genotype, and/or phenotype frequency:
A. Approximately 1 in 2500 people of Northern European descent is born with cystic fibrosis.
B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in West Africa is approximately 13%.
C. The number of new mutations for achondroplasia, a genetic disorder, is approximately 5 × 10–5.
The Scarborough shoal in the South China sea is home to the Peliotsky turtle. A recessive mutation "floppy" is known in the turtle which interferes with normal flipper growth and makes the turtle less mobile and unable to survive severe storms. In 2008 a sample survey of a large, freely interbreeding, population of turtles found 47 individuals with the mutant phenotype out of a population of 341 individuals.
a) Calculate the frequencies of the recessive and dominant alleles in the turtle population.
Chapter 23 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 23.1 - Prob. 1CSCh. 23.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 23.2 - Prob. 2CCCh. 23.2 - Prob. 3CCCh. 23.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 23.3 - Prob. 1EQCh. 23.3 - Prob. 2EQCh. 23.3 - Prob. 3EQCh. 23.4 - Genetic Drift Concept Check: How does the...Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 1CS
Ch. 23.5 - Prob. 1CCCh. 23 - Population geneticists are interested in the...Ch. 23 - The Hardy-Weinberg equation characterizes the...Ch. 23 - Prob. 3TYCh. 23 - Prob. 4TYCh. 23 - Prob. 5TYCh. 23 - Prob. 6TYCh. 23 - Prob. 7TYCh. 23 - Prob. 8TYCh. 23 - Kimuras proposal regarding neutral variation...Ch. 23 - Populations that experience inbreeding may also...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1CQCh. 23 - Prob. 2CQCh. 23 - Prob. 3CQCh. 23 - Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial...Ch. 23 - Discuss die similarities and differences among...
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- Considering the Hardy-Weinberg theorem’s assumptions, which of the following statements is NOT correct? (Recall that there are certain assumptions that must be true in order for the Hardy-Weinberg theorem to accurately predict genotype ratios in the next generation.)a) The population must be very large so there random genetic drift will not occur.b) No natural selection can occur.c) Mating must be random.d) Individuals must migrate into and out of the population so that gene flow will occur.e) Mutations must not occur.arrow_forwarda) Name and define the evolutionary processes that cause change in allele frequencies acrossgenerations. b) Describe how each process is expected to change allele frequencies across generations,including the following terms as appropriate:- genome-wide effects, loci-specific effects advantageous, deleterious, neutral- population size- speed of evolutionary changearrow_forwardA mountain region has a population of 5,000 mountain goats. You score these animals for the R locus and find that this locus has two alleles, R (dominant) and r (recessive). 3200 individuals are homozygous dominant, 1,600 are heterozygous, and 200 are homozygous recessive. a) Calculate the allele frequencies for this population. Show your work. b) Calculate the observed genotypic frequencies for this population. Show your work. c) Calculate the expected genotype frequencies if the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Show your work. d) Does this population appear to be at H-W equilibrium? Why or why not? (You do not need to analyze this statistically).arrow_forward
- Two populations of antelope are separated by a mountain range. The antelope are known to occasionally migrate from one population to the other. Migration can occur in either direction. Explain how migration affects the following phenomena: A. Genetic diversity in the two populations B. Allele frequencies in the two populations C. Genetic drift in the two populationsarrow_forwardFor two 2 alleles at a locus, which of the following sets of genotype frequencies would you expect came from a very small population that is experiencing significant genetic drift? a) AA = 0.01, Aa = 0.18, aa = 0.81 b) BB = 0.04, Bb = 0.32, bb = 0.64 c) CC = 0.36, Cc = 0.48, cc = 0.16 d) DD = 0.125, Dd = 0.425, dd =0.45 e) EE = 0.0625, Ee = 0.375, ee = 0.5625arrow_forwardIn domestic cats, the allele for short hair (L) is dominant and the allele for long hair (I) is recessive. You are studying a population of cats found on Iwato Island and have determined that the frequency of the recessive long hair allele is q = 0.3. A) What is the frequency of the dominant allele for short hair? p = B) What is the predicted percentage of cats who have heterozygous genotypes? • C) What predicted percentage of cats on this island will have long hair phenotypes? • D) Describe one condition that could change the allele frequencies (the values of p and q) in a population.arrow_forward
- You are a scientist studying a population of beetles. Beetle color is controlled by two alleles at a single genetic locus. AA beetles are blue, Aa purple, and aa pink. You count 30 blue beetles, 10 purple beetles, and 40 pink beetles. a) What is the frequency of the A allele? [ Select ] b) What is the observed frequency of the Aa genotype? 1 Select ] c) Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the expected frequency of the aa gentoype? [ Select ] d) Is this beetle population evolving? I Select ]arrow_forwardIdentify each of the following as an example of allele, genotype,and/or phenotype frequency:A. Approximately 1 in 2500 individuals of Northern Europeandescent is born with cystic fibrosis.B. The percentage of carriers of the sickle cell allele in WestAfrica is approximately 13%.C. The number of new mutations per generation resultingin achondroplasia, a genetic disorder, is approximately5 × 10−5.arrow_forwardA mutation produces a new beneficial dominant allele. Which of the following statements is false when considering the rate of frequency change that will be observed for this allele in the population? a) The allele will initially be present in heterozygotes. b) It is less likely to reach frequency of 1.0 than if it had been recessive. c) Its frequency will increase slowly until homozygotes occur in the population. d) Individuals with this allele will express the favorable phenotype.arrow_forward
- You are examining population genetics of aquatic iguanas that live on the Galapagos islands. When you go to visit, you notice that the iguanas can easily swim to close neighboring islands but would have swim very long distances to reach further islands. Which of the following statements is a likely conclusion from your research? a. Populations are less similar the closer the islands are to each other. b. The further the islands likely have the greatest genetic diversity. c. Larger islands always have the lowest heterozygosity. d. Smaller populations on very small islands exhibit greater population differentiation.arrow_forwardA scientist is interested in the ability of a small population of fish endemic to the streams of Mauna Kea in Hawaii to evade predators. She notices that some fish within the population are black (BB or Bb), while a smaller subset seems to have an albino mutation and are white (bb). She observed the population and through sampling quantified the number of fish that were black or white, and the population size. These results are listed below. Observations: a. Population size = 5,000 fish total b. Black Fish: 72% c. White Fish: 28% Calculate the following: Remember to use the algorithm described with the sample questions in the introduction to the lab manual. Please round answers to the nearest hundreth (0.00 format) a. Frequency of homozygote dominant fish b. Frequency of heterozygote fish c. Frequency of the B allele d. Frequency of the b allele e. Number of fish who are heterozygotes in the population f. Number of B alleles in the populatioarrow_forwardDunkers are part of a religious group which originated from 27 families that emigrated from Germany to the USA in the XVIIIth century. Dunkers only mary between themselves. The frequency of the M allele in the MN blood group system is 0.65 among Dunkers while it is 0.54 in both German and American populations. a) How can you explain this observation ? Is this due to genetic drift, natural selection, or inbreeding?arrow_forward
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