Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
14th Edition
ISBN: 9780321897398
Author: Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko, Kelly S. Bender, Daniel H. Buckley, David A. Stahl, Thomas Brock
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 2.21, Problem 1MQ
Summary Introduction
Cellular membrane, nucleus, and cytoplasm are the three major components of a cell. Organelles are structures present within a cell and are specialized to perform a particular
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Q5.Mention three similarities & three
differences between mitochondria &
chloroplasts?
WHAT IF? A classmate proposes that mitochondria andchloroplasts should be classified in the endomembranesystem. Argue against the proposal.
Extension Questions
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during
photosynthesis?
A) NADPH 02 → CO2
B) H₂O
NADPH →Calvin cycle
C) NADPH chlorophyll →Calvin cycle
D) H2O
E) NADPH
photosystem I → photosystem II
electron transport chain → 02
Place these events in the correct order: absorption of electromagnetic radiation by chlorophyll,
synthesis of sugars, utilization of carbon dioxide by Calvin cycle enzymes, synthesis of
NADPH, synthesis of ATP, conversion of water into molecular oxygen.
Is NADP+ oxidized or reduced during the light reactions? How do you know this?
What would you expect to happen if you inactivated the NADP+ reductase?
Chapter 2 Solutions
Brock Biology of Microorganisms (14th Edition)
Ch. 2.1 - Define the terms magnification and resolution.Ch. 2.1 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.2 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.2 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.2 - How can cells be made to fluoresce?Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.3 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.4 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.4 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.5 - How do cocci and rods differ in morphology?
Ch. 2.5 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.6 - What physical property of cells increases as cells...Ch. 2.6 - How can the small size and haploid genome of...Ch. 2.6 - What are the approximate limits to how small a...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.7 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.8 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.9 - Compare and contrast simple transporters, the...Ch. 2.9 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.10 - Why do bacterial cells need cell walls? Do all...Ch. 2.10 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.10 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.11 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.11 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.11 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.11 - Prob. 4MQCh. 2.12 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.12 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.12 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.13 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.13 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.14 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.14 - Chapter Review Why would it be impossible for...Ch. 2.14 - Chapter Review How are magnetosomes and the...Ch. 2.15 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.15 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.16 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.16 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.16 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.17 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.17 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.18 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.18 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.19 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.19 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.19 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.19 - Chapter Review How does scotophobotaxis differ...Ch. 2.20 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.20 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.20 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.21 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.21 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.21 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2.22 - Prob. 1MQCh. 2.22 - Prob. 2MQCh. 2.22 - Prob. 3MQCh. 2 - Prob. 1RQCh. 2 - Prob. 2RQCh. 2 - Prob. 3RQCh. 2 - What are the major morphologies of prokaryotic...Ch. 2 - How large can a bacterium be? How small? Why is it...Ch. 2 - Prob. 6RQCh. 2 - Prob. 7RQCh. 2 - Prob. 8RQCh. 2 - Cells of Escherichia coli transport lactose via...Ch. 2 - Prob. 10RQCh. 2 - List several functions of the outer membrane in...Ch. 2 - Prob. 12RQCh. 2 - Prob. 13RQCh. 2 - Prob. 14RQCh. 2 - Prob. 15RQCh. 2 - In a few sentences, indicate how the bacterial...Ch. 2 - Prob. 17RQCh. 2 - Prob. 18RQCh. 2 - Contrast the mechanism for motility in...Ch. 2 - Prob. 20RQCh. 2 - Prob. 21RQCh. 2 - List at least three features of eukaryotic cells...Ch. 2 - Prob. 23RQCh. 2 - Prob. 24RQCh. 2 - Prob. 25RQCh. 2 - Describe the major functions of the endoplasmic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 1AQCh. 2 - Prob. 2AQCh. 2 - Assume you are given two cultures, one of a...Ch. 2 - Prob. 4AQCh. 2 - Assume you are given two cultures of rod-shaped...
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- Q27. Imagine that NASA’s Spirit Rover discovers a photosynthetic bacterium on Uranus that contains a single pigment. By using an onboard spectrophotometer, the pigment is found to have the absorption spectrum shown below. Which of the following conclusions about this pigment can be deduced from the spectrum shown? The pigment fluoresces green photons. The pigment is blue in colour. The pigment has a single excited state. The pigment reflects high-energy light. A. 1,2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 C. 2 and 4 D. 4 only E. All of 1, 2, 3 and 4 are correct.arrow_forwardQ14: What class of reactions does NAD*/NADH usually participate in and would you expect the ratio of oxidized (NAD*) to reduced NADH to be high or low? Q15: What class of reactions does NADP*/NADPH usually participate in and would you expect the ratio of oxidized (NADP*) to reduced NADPH to be high or low?arrow_forwardCHCASE Dashboard A student conducts two experiments to observe the effects of different factors on ATP production during aerobic cellular respiration. In the first experiment, the student isolates mitochondria in a test tube, adds oxygen to the test tube, and measures the amounts of ATP produced at three temperatures. In a second experiment, the student keeps the temperature the same and varies the concentration of oxygen added to the test tube for each trial, The student records all data in the table shown. Ite Ite Ite Experiment Trial Temperature Oxygen Concentration (°C) ATP Produced (mol/L) (mol/L) Iter 1 25 15 1.5 Iter 1 30 15 1.8 Item 35 15 2.6 Iter 35 25 3.5 Iter 2 2 35 35 3.8 Item 3 35 45 4.2 Based on the experiments, which statement can be concluded concerning ATP production during aerobic cellular respiration? O Increasing the temperature or the oxygen concentration improves the efficiency of ATP production during aerobic cellular respiration. O Decreasing the temperature or…arrow_forward
- MAKE CONNECTIONS Step 3 in Figure 9.9 is a major pointof regulation of glycolysis. The enzyme phosphofructokinaseis allosterically regulated by ATP and related molecules (seeConcept 8.5). Considering the overall result of glycolysis,would you expect ATP to inhibit or stimulate activity of thisenzyme? Explain. (Hint: Make sure you consider the role of ATPas an allosteric regulator, not as a substrate of the enzyme.)arrow_forwardQ. 19 Instructions: -Please answer correctly well explained and not from google internet. -Dont copy paste from Bartley. -The answer has to be understandable and not plagiarized. Scientists have succeeded in producing mutant plant cells whose permeability of the thylakoid membrane to hydrogen ions is increased. Explains the effect of this mutation on the process of photosynthesis.arrow_forwardQ1: What are the products of cellular respiration? Q2: Considering the inputs and products of each process, why is cellular respiration considered the reciprocal process to photosynthesis? Q3: Which of the three stages of cellular respiration—glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, or oxidative phosphorylation—could organisms have used 4 billion years ago, before photosynthesis by cyanobacteria released oxygen into the atmosphere?arrow_forward
- Q4. There is no bioavailable glucose or carbohydrates on Kepler-28d. Given the harsh conditions on Kepler-28d, describe how your cell will respire to generate ATP. In your answer, ensure that you include the essential organelles required for respiration and the relevant inputs and outputs of each organelle in the respiration pathway. (200 words maximum) Answer here:arrow_forward1) When a de-coupler such as 2,4-DNP is added to a respiring mitochondrion, which of the following effects on the process of ETC-OP will be true, which will be false. a) Mitochondria no longer reduce O2 to H2 b) Electrons no longer enter the electron transport chain. c) Activity of Complex V (ATP Synthase) is greatly decreased. d) The P/O ratio for FADH2 becomes larger than the P/O ratio for NADH. e) Protons are no longer pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space. 2) The rate-limiting step in fatty acid synthesis is: a) condensation of acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. b) formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate. c) formation of malonyl-CoA from malonate and coenzyme A. d) the reaction catalyzed by acetyl-CoA carboxylase.arrow_forwardEngagement Compare and Contrast Directions: Compare and contrast the three methods of phosphorylation. Make a similar table below. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Photophosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation Definition Occur which part of the cell Energy source Occur which stages of respiration ATP produced Compounds that are reduced and oxidizedarrow_forward
- Discuss Concepts Why do you think nucleic acids are not oxidized extensively as a cellular energy source?arrow_forwardPREDICT Could the inner mitochondrial membrane carry out its functions in the coupling of electron transport and ATP synthesis if its lipid bilayer were readily permeable to hydrogen ions (protons)?arrow_forwardConsider the structures and functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts. For each of the statements below, identify which part(s) of the chloroplast or mitochondrion (identified by letters in the figure below) are described. Some answers may include more than 1 letter. In those cases, separate the letters by a single space (eg. c g) Electron transport chains are located in ------ Photosystem I and II are located in ------- Ubiquinone is located in ------- NADPH is produced in ------ Pyruvate oxidation takes place in ------ ATP is produced in ------ NAD+ is produced in ----- High H+ concentration is produced in ----- O2 is produced in ----- RuBP is produced in ------arrow_forward
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