Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic
Concept Introduction:
Activating and deactivating groups:
The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.
Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The
Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.
(b)
Interpretation:
Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing
Concept Introduction:
Activating and deactivating groups:
The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.
Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.
Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.
(c)
Interpretation:
Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing
Concept Introduction:
Activating and deactivating groups:
The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.
Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.
Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.
(d)
Interpretation:
Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing
Concept Introduction:
Activating and deactivating groups:
The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.
Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.
Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.
(e)
Interpretation:
Resonance contributor for the cation formed during electrophilic aromatic substitution has to be given for the given ortho-para directing phenyl group.
Concept Introduction:
Activating and deactivating groups:
The effect of substituents on the reaction rate of aromatic electrophilic substitution is given by activating or deactivating groups.
Activating groups – ortho/para directing groups. The rate of reaction is increased by an activating groups (electron donating groups) relative to hydrogen.
Deactivating groups – meta directing groups. The rate of reaction is decreased by a deactivating groups (electron withdrawing groups) relative to hydrogen.
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Organic Chemistry
- B: complete the following reactions (а) Br CH3 HC1 СОН CH3 (b) HOCH2CH, heat CH2CH2OH + 2HB1arrow_forwardThe following two sets of reactions, ((a) and (b)), show possibilities for arrow pushing in individual reaction steps. Identify which is wrong and explain why. Next, using the correct arrow pushing, label which molecule is the nucleophile and which is the electrophile. (a) (b) H3C :Cl: H3C H,c-i: – →: I-CH3 + :Cl: C-C: H3C / H3C H3C-Cl: C-CH3 H3C : H,C-Cl: H3C-CI: →: I-CH3 + :Cl: H3C :Cl: H3C C-CH3 C-CI: H3C/ H3C H3Carrow_forwardThe hydrocarbon fluorene was treated with potassium t-butoxide in an acid-base reaction, giving the fluorenide anion and t-butyl alcohol. (a) Which way does the equilibrium lie, and by how much? b) What is the proportion of the fluorenide anion to fluorene? (c) Why is fluorene so highly acidic, considering the pKa of an average alkane is above 50?arrow_forward
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