CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
10th Edition
ISBN: 9780136538820
Author: Taylor
Publisher: INTER PEAR
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Chapter 22, Problem 15TYK
One of the many mutant opponents that the movie monster Godzilla contends with is Mothra, a giant mothlike creature with a wingspan of 7–8 m. Science fiction creatures like these can be critiqued on the grounds of biomechanical and physiological principles. Focusing on the principles of gas exchange that you learned about in this chapter, what problems would Mothra face? Why do you think truly giant insects are improbable?
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You have read about the Respiratory system in your Animal Physiology classes and are very excited to share the knowledge with one of your friend in the Chemistry Department. You explain to him the gas exchange between tissues and blood. However, your friend is very confused about the fact that how almost an equal amount of O2 & CO2 is exchanged in normal human (even during exercise) when the diffusion coefficient of CO2 is 20 times that of O2 (as CO2 is much more soluble in body tissues than O2). a) Explain the reason for the same to your friend. b) Why this equilibrium can’t be maintained in people who have a diseased lung with thickened walls?
What is the biophysical reason that myoglobin (as opposed to hemoglobin) could never play the role of the oxygen transport system in the human body?
1.
It binds oxygen too tightly
2.
It binds oxygen too weakly
3.
It binds oxygen too slowly
4.
It does not bind oxygen cooperatively
Messner and Habeler's 1978 ascent of Mount Everest without oxygen-breathing apparatus is often
described as one of the most remarkable physical accomplishments achieved by humans. Table 1
shows respiratory gas and arterial pH values measured in a resting mountaineer at sea level, Everest
base camp and Everest summit.
Use the differences in these values to explain how breathing
regulation changes when at rest at the 3 altitudes indicated. Calculations are not required but you
may wish to consider the role of central and peripheral chemoreceptors and their relationship to
paCO,, minute ventilation and alveolar pO, in your response.
Table 1: Respiratory gas composition and arterial pH measured in a resting mountaineer at sea-level,
Everest base-camp and Everest summit.
Arterial
Barometric
Alveolar
Inspíred
p02 (FIO2) pO2 (PAO2)
pCO2
(расо2)
Altitude
Pressure
Arterial
(m)
pH
mmHg
mmHg
mmHg
mmHg
Sea Level
760
150
106
36
7.4
Everest
Base
5,400
404
75
51
20.4
7.6
Camp
Everest
8,848
252
43
34…
Chapter 22 Solutions
CAMPBEL BIOLOGY:CONCEPTS & CONNECTIONS
Ch. 22 - Complete the following concept map to review some...Ch. 22 - Label the parts of the human respiratory system.Ch. 22 - Prob. 3TYKCh. 22 - Countercurrent gas exchange in the gills of a fish...Ch. 22 - Prob. 5TYKCh. 22 - Prob. 6TYKCh. 22 - Prob. 7TYKCh. 22 - Prob. 8TYKCh. 22 - Prob. 9TYKCh. 22 - What are two advantages of breathing air, compared...
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- Our human hemoglobin is 100% saturated near the alveoli and 80% saturated after passing through the systemic capillaries and moving back into the veins. By contrast, an extraterrestrial friend's oxygen-binding molecule is 100% saturated near their alveoli and 60% saturated after passing through their systemic arteries and moving back into the veins. How does his hemoglobin compare to yours? a. they deliver a larger share of oxygen to their tissues at rest b. the partial pressure of O2 in their alveoli is higher than ours c. the oxygen- binding molecule in their circulatory system is worse than ours d. the partial pressure of O2 in their tissue is lower than oursarrow_forward(a) The partial pressure of CO2 in the lungs can be varied rapidly by the rate and depth of breathing. For example, a common remedy to alleviate hiccups is to increase the concentration of CO2 in the lungs. This can be achieved by holding one’s breath, by very slow and shallow breathing (hypoventilation), or by breathing in and out of a paper bag.Under such conditions, pCO2 in the air space of the lungs rises above normal. Qualitatively explain the effect of these procedures on the blood pH.(b) A common practice of competitive short-distance runners is to breathe rapidly and deeply (hyperventilate) for about half a minute to remove CO2from their lungs just before the race begins. Blood pH may rise to 7.60. Explain why the blood pH increases.(c) During a short-distance run, the muscles produce a large amount of lactic acid (CH2CH(OH)COOH; K2 = 1.38 × 10 –4 M) from their glucose stores. Why might hyperventilation before a dash be useful?arrow_forwardThe time it takes for blood to pass through the capillaries of a pulmonary alveolus typically is less than 0.3 seconds. During this time, what will occur? Select one: a. The blood plasma will be cleansed of its entire CO2 content and will be saturated with O2. b. An enzyme will catalyze the conversion of oxyhemoglobin to carboaminohemoglobin. c. Blood will pick up CO2 and O2 will be released to the alveolus. d. Blood will pick up O2 and CO2 will be released to the alveolus.I think this is C or D tell me the answer and whyarrow_forward
- In a study of O2 uptake by muscle at high altitude, a physiologist prepares an atmosphere consisting of 79 mole % N2, 17 mole % 16O2, and 4.0 mole % 18O2. (The isotope 18O will be measured to determine O2 uptake.) The total pressure is 0.75 atm to simulate high altitude. Calculate the mole fraction and partial pressure of 18O2 in the mixture.arrow_forwardThe atmosphere that we breathe is about 21% oxygen, and our respiratory system has evolved to allow us to thrive at that concentration. However, breathing air with a lower concentration of oxygen is difficult for us, or even fatal (although some other animals can do it). Using your knowledge of normal human respiration, describe two specific modifications to our respiratory system that might improve our respiratory function and allow us to survive at lower oxygen levels (hint: think about things like diffusion, surface area, and oxygen-carrying ability).arrow_forwardMechanical ventilation is indicated when the patient's spontaneous ventilation is inadequate to sustain life by hooking the patient into a mechanical ventilator. It provides breathing support until lung function is restored, delivering warm (body temperature 37° C [98.6° F]), 100% humidified oxygen at FiO2 levels between 21% to 100%. 1. Discuss the process how does positive-pressure ventilator deliver air to the lungs? List 3 risks or complications of patient who is hooked in mechanical ventilator and discuss how it is even possible.arrow_forward
- Why does respiration become more challenging for organisms as they become larger (in other words which of the following is/are true about respiratory demand)? I. total metabolic demand increases in proportion to body mass (volume) II. a higher surface area to volume ratio decreases the effectiveness of using diffusion alone III. a lower surface area to volume ratio decreases the effectiveness of using diffusion alonearrow_forwardThe respiratory process involves hemoglobin (Hgb), an iron-containing compound found in red blood cells. In the process, carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells as molecular CO2, while O2 simultancously enters the tissue cells. A significant fraction of the CO, leaving the tissue cells enters red blood cells and reacts with hemoglobin; the CO, that does not enter the red blood cells (O in the figure below) remains dissolved in the blood and is transported to the lungs. Some of theCO, entering the red blood cells reacts with hemoglobin to form a compound (Hgb-CO, 2 in the figure). When the red blood cells reach the lungs, the Hgb-CO, dissociates, releasing free CO,. Meanwhile, the CO, that enters the red blood cells but does not react with hemoglobin combines with water to form carbonic acid, H¿CO3, which then dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions (O in the figure). The bicarbonate ions diffuse out of the cells (O in the figure), and the ions are transported to the lungs…arrow_forwardA soccer coach is seeking your advice about using a tank of oxygen on the sidelines so players might breathe from it during time outs or when they come off the field. Provide 3 mechanisms to explain/justify your answer to the coach. Consider the following in your answer. 98% O2 Hb saturation is achieved with each breath. The other way for oxygen to be carried to muscle would be dissolved in blood. This is minimal and still doesn’t affect Hb saturation Pulmonary ventilation is not considered to limit aerobic capacity A higher breathing rate actually helps to eliminate CO2 and therefore raise pH CO2 transport in blood also involves buffering H+ forming bicarbonate HCO3. On exhalation the H disassociates and forms water – again helping to maintain pHarrow_forward
- Experiments were performed in an anatomy and physiology laboratory. First, the rate and depth of respiration for a resting student were determined. In experiment A, students ran in place for 30 seconds, immediately sat down and relaxed, and then had their respiration rate and depth measured.Experiment B was conducted in the same manner as experiment A, except that the students held their breath while running in place. What differences in respiration would you expect for the two experiments? Explain the basis for your predictions.arrow_forwardYou receive animal care and use committee approval to catch a fish, prop open its operculum (gill cover), tie a string around its tail, and tow it backwards through the water for experimental purposes. The fish is then released unharmed. This action forces water to flow backwards over the gill filaments and in between the gill lamellae. What effect would this backwards water flow have on respiration? It would reduce efficiency of gas exchange between water and blood The only effect would be due to the fish's discomfort from this treatment. O It would improve efficiency of gas exchange between water and bloodarrow_forwardWhen researchers first discovered that airflow through a bird’s paleopulmonal parabronchi is unidirectional, the question arose as to whether gas exchange is countercurrent, cocurrent, or cross- current. Some ingenious investigators carried out experiments in which they measured the efficiency of gas exchange between air and blood in duck lungs when parabronchial airflow was in its normal direction and when the direction of parabronchial airflow was artificially reversed. The efficiency did not change. How is this evidence against countercurrent and cocurrent gas exchange? How is this evidence for cross-current exchange?arrow_forward
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