Concept explainers
Interpretation:
The
Concept Introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles which donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule or ion that has an unpaired electron which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Suzuki Miyaura coupling is a palladium-catalyzed reaction in which alkenyl or aryl borate couples with an alkenyl or aryl halide. In this reaction, the stereochemistry of the reactants is retained in the products
Heck Mizoroki reaction is a coupling reaction between an alkene and an alkenyl or aryl halide in the presence of a palladium catalyst and a base, usually an
Sonogashira coupling is the reaction in which an
In these reactions, carbon-carbon bond formation takes place using palladium as a catalyst.
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Organic Chemistry
- Write equations showing how to prepare each of the following from benzene or toluene and any necessary organic or inorganic reagents. If an ortho, para mixture is formed in any step of your synthesis, assume that you can separate the two isomers. (a) Isopropylbenzene (b) p-Isopropylbenzenesulfonic acid (c) 2-Bromo-2-phenylpropane (d) 4-tert-Butyl-2-nitrotoluene (e) m-Chloroacetophenone (f) p-Chloroacetophenone (g) 3-Bromo-4-methylacetophenone (h) 2-Bromo-4-ethyltoluene (i) 3-Bromo-5-nitrobenzoic acid (j) 2-Bromo-4-nitrobenzoic acid (k) 1-Phenyloctane (l) 1-Phenyl-1-octene (m) 1-Phenyl-1-octyne (n) 1,4-Di-tert-butyl-1,4-cyclohexadienearrow_forwardGive reasons :(a) n-Butyl bromide has higher boiling point than f-butyl bromide.(b) Racemic mixture is optically inactive.(c) The presence of nitro group (-NO2) at o/p positions increases the reactivity of haloarenes towards nucleophilic substitution reactions.arrow_forward(b) A student wanted to synthesize methyl tert-butyl ether. He attempted the synthesis by adding sodium methoxide to tert-butyl chloride, but he obtained none of the desired product (1) (ii) Use an equation to show the product formed in this reaction Propose a suitable William ether synthetic route for methyl tert-butyl ether tach l.arrow_forward
- (a) Which is the correct structure of the alkyl halide substrate? (b) Which is the correct structure of the nucleophile?arrow_forward(a) What reagents would be used for the conversion of alkene A into the target? (b) What reaction is involved in the conversion of alcohol B into alkene A? Suggest a reagent that might affect this transformation. (c) Give a retrosynthetic analysis showing the disconnection of B, the synthons produced that lead to the synthetic equivalents given (draw their structures).arrow_forward. How would you carry out each of the following syntheses: ? (a) (b)arrow_forward
- (a) Why are alkyl halides insoluble in water? (b) Why is Butan-l-ol optically inactive but Butan-2-ol is optically active? (c) Although chlorine is an electron withdrawing group, yet it is ortho-, Para- directing in electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. Why?arrow_forwardIdentify ALL of the nucleophiles in each of the following molecules. H. (a) (c) NH2 tu (b) Li (d) NaOHarrow_forward(a) What monobromo allylic substitution products would result from reaction of each of PRACTICE P the following compounds with NBS in the presence of peroxides and/or light? (b) In the case of isomeric products for any reaction, which would you predict to be the most stable based on the double bond in the product? (c) Draw the resonance hybrid(s) for the allylic radical that would be involved in each reaction. (i) (ii) V dil.... (iii) oilyarrow_forward
- (a) Draw the mechanism for the formation of both of the enols that can be formed from A (use acetic acid & AcOH as the source of the protons) (b) Draw the mechanism of reaction of this enol with bromine to give product Barrow_forward(a) One test for the presence of an alkene is to add a smallamount of bromine, which is a red-brown liquid, and lookfor the disappearance of the red-brown color. This test doesnot work for detecting the presence of an aromatic hydrocarbon.Explain. (b) Write a series of reactions leading topara-bromoethylbenzene, beginning with benzene andusing other reagents as needed. What isomeric side productsmight also be formed?arrow_forwardWhich of the following correctly shows the resonance structures of the resonance stabilized intermediate produced when the shown diene is treated with HBr? (A) (B) (C) (D) HBrarrow_forward
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