Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron deficient species that have positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles that accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species that have negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles that donate electron pair.
Free radical is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired electron, which makes it highly chemically reactive.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Elimination reaction: A reaction in which two substituent groups are detached and a double bond is formed is called elimination reaction.
Addition reaction: It is the reaction in which unsaturated bonds are converted to saturated molecules by the addition of molecules.
Sonogashira coupling is the reaction in which an
Suzuki Miyaura coupling is a palladium catalyzed reaction in which alkenyl or aryl borate couple with an alkenyl or aryl halides. In this reaction, the stereochemistry of reactants is retained in products.
In these reactions, carbon–carbon bond formation takes place using palladium as a catalyst.
Grubbs reagent is a ruthenium-based carbene complex used as a catalyst in olefin metathesis, ring closing metathesis and ring opening metathesis
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Organic Chemistry
- 1. Answer the following questions: (a) Why is free radical polymerization more commonly used today than ionic polymerization? (b) Almost all substituted ethylene monomers of commercial importance have the structure of CH2 = CHR or CH2 = CRR’ (where R or R' represent identical or different substituent groups). Why? (c) What are some methods for the production of conductive polymers? Give a few examples.arrow_forwardUsing each of the following polymers, (a) (b) ... (c) H H H H H C C C=0c=0c=0 H CH2 CH, CH2 H;C H3C H3C (i) Draw the condensed formula for the polymer. (ii) Propose a structure for the monomer from which the polymer was synthesized. I-arrow_forward(i) Define the criteria for condensation polymerisation to occur. (ii) Give one example of condensation polymer; draw the structure of the repeating unit for this polymer. (iii) Describe the application for the example polymer in your answer of Q4b (ii) above.arrow_forward
- Write the structures of the monomers used for getting the following polymers:(a) Nylon-6,6(b) Melamine—formaldehyde polymer(c) Buna-Sarrow_forwardDuring our lectures on polymeric materials, I used polyethylene as an example because of its very straightforward structure. (a.) Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used as an initiator for the polymerization of ethylene. Draw a diagram of a dissociated hydrogen peroxide molecule which emphasizes the creation of two free radicals (unbonded electrons) that can serve as initiators or as terminators of polymerization.arrow_forwardConcerning the polymers produced from monomers containing a single C=C double bond, the following generalizations are apparent: (a) The polymers produced are almost always unsubstituted (i.e. ethylene) or have one substituent on the double bond or two substituents on the same carbon atom of the double bond. Monomers containing one or more substituents on each carbon of the double bond seldom polymerize. (b) Most chain polymerizations are carried out by radical initiation; relatively few are produced by ionic initiation. Why? Explain the reasons for these generalizationsarrow_forward
- (a) Which of the following polymers (i) – (vi) exist in different stereochemical forms? Draw polymer structures of all the stereoregular forms that are possible for each of the polymers. (i) polyethylene (ii) poly(1-butene) (iii) poly(2-methylpropene) (polyisobutylene) (iv) poly(vinyl fluoride) (v) poly(vinylidine fluoride) (vi) poly(1,3-pentadiene) (b) Explain why high molecular weight polypropylene is optically inactive, despite having an asymmetric center at every other carbon atom, while in contrast, poly(propylene oxide) is optically active.arrow_forward(a) Which of the following polymers (i) – (vi) exist in different stereochemical forms? Draw polymer structures of all the stereoregular forms that are possible for each of the polymers. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) polyethylene poly(1-butene) poly(2-methylpropene) (polyisobutylene) poly(vinyl fluoride) poly(vinylidine fluoride) poly(1,3-pentadiene) 3 (b) Explain why high molecular weight polypropylene is optically inactive, despite having an asymmetric center at every other carbon atom, while in contrast, poly(propylene oxide) is optically active.arrow_forwardDraw the structures of the polymers obtained from the following monomers and name the polymerisation process in each case. (i) CI H₂N O (iv) (ii) CI NH₂ HO LOH (iii) охо (v)arrow_forward
- (b) Compound L, C4H9BR undergoes the substitution reaction with ammonia, NH3 to form butan-2-amine. The reaction of compound L with magnesium, Mg in ether produced compound M. The hydrolysis reaction of compound L with water, H2O produced compound N. Compound P is produced when compound N reacts with sodium, Na. Sebatian L, C4H»Br menjalani tindak balas penukargantian dengan ammonia, NH3 untuk menghasilkan butan-2-amina. Tindak balas bagi sebatian L dengan magnesium, Mg dalam ether menghasilkan sebatian M. Tindak balas hidrolisis bagi sebatian L dengan air, H2O menghasilkan sebatian N. Sebatian P dihasilkan apabila sebatian N bertindak balas dengan natrium, Na. (i) Draw the structural formula of compounds L, M, N and P. Lukiskan formula struktur bagi sebatian L, M, N dan P. (ii) Name the type of chemical reaction for the formation of compound N.arrow_forwardButan-1-ol can be oxidised by acidified potassium dichromate( VI) using two different methods. (a) In the first method, butan-1-ol is added dropwise to acidified potassium dichromate( VI) and the product is distilled off immediately. (i) Using the symbol [O] for the oxidising agent, write an equation for this oxidation of butan-1-ol, showing clearly the structure of the product.State what colour change you would observe. Equation ........................................................................................................... Colour change .................................................................................................. (ii) Butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol give different products on oxidation by this first method. By stating a reagent and the observation with each compound, give a simple test to distinguish between these two oxidation products. Reagent…arrow_forward4. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Draw the structure of the repeating unit in a polymer in which the monomer(s) is/are propylene 1,1-dichloroethylene vinyl acetate bisphenol A + phosgene ethylene glycol + terephthalic acid 1,4-chlorobenzene + sodium sulfide (a condensation polymerization affording NaCl)arrow_forward
- Chemistry: Principles and PracticeChemistryISBN:9780534420123Author:Daniel L. Reger, Scott R. Goode, David W. Ball, Edward MercerPublisher:Cengage Learning