Life: The Science of Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781319010164
Author: David E. Sadava, David M. Hillis, H. Craig Heller, Sally D. Hacker
Publisher: W. H. Freeman
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Chapter 20.1, Problem 2R
Summary Introduction
To review:
The method by which the frequency of resistant bacteria is expected to change over time in populations of bacteria that were regularly exposed to an antibiotic drug, and the reason behind a warning that comes with an antibiotic prescribed to take the full course of treatment.
Introduction:
Antibiotics are generally referred to as drugs capable of killing most of the bacteria. In some cases, bacteria undergo genetic mutations when they are exposed to antibiotics for short time and thereby, become resistant to the antibiotics so as to ensure their own or progenies’ survival upon future exposures to sustain the microbial population.
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In 1887 a strange nerve disease attacked the people in the Dutch East Indies. The disease was beriberi.Symptoms of the disease include weakness and loss of appetite, victims often died of heart failure.Scientists thought the disease might be caused by bacteria. They injected chickens with bacteria fromthe blood of patients with beriberi. The injected chickens became sick. However, so did a group ofchickens that were not injected with bacteria.One of the scientists, Dr. Eijkman, designed a new experiment based on his ownobservations. Before the experiment, all the chickens had eaten whole-grain rice, butduring the experiment, the chickens were fed polished rice. Dr. Eijkman researchedthis interesting case and found that polished rice lacked thiamine, a vitamin necessaryfor good health.1. State the question or problem that Dr. Eijkman investigated.
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There are concerns about overuse and misuse of antibacterial drugs, and the association of these with increased antibiotic resisstance in bacteria. Of the following, which best explains this?
Antibiotic exposure directly causes many of bacterial in a population to mutate and develop new antibiotic resistance traits.
If antibiotic use occurs repeatedly in a person, the dosage of the drug needs to be increased to work in a patient’s system because he/she will develop physiological tolerance to the antibiotic.
Exposure to an antibiotic causes bacteria to die or become stronger; stronger bacteria will be better able to cope with additional exposures to any antibiotic drug, eventually becoming immune to all antibiotics.
Antibiotics kill susceptible cells and even a small number of existing resistant bacteria that survive will become the majority of the population that remains, leading to populations that are resistant to this drug.
The Kishony performed a simple but elegant experiment using a “mega-plate.”
Which of the following is a fair conclusion that can be drawn from this study?
The majority of antibiotic resistance occurs via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between Actinobacteria
Sensitive bacteria may acquire resistance to high concentrations of the antibiotic through many mutations
Bacteria will gradually lose resistance to an antibiotic if you plate them on a large enough plate
Bacteria will migrate via chemotaxis away from recombinant phage used in phage therapy
Chapter 20 Solutions
Life: The Science of Biology
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