1 Introduction, Measurement, Estimating 2 Describing Motion: Kinematics In One Dimension 3 Kinematics In Two Or Three Dimensions; Vectors 4 Dynamics: Newton's Laws Of Motion 5 Using Newton's Laws: Friction, Circular Motion, Drag Forces 6 Gravitation And Newton's Synthesis 7 Work And Energy 8 Conservation Of Energy 9 Linear Momentum 10 Rotationalmotion 11 Angular Momentum; General Rotation 12 Static Equilibrium; Elasticity And Fracture 13 Fluids 14 Oscillations 15 Wave Motion 16 Sound 17 Temperature, Thermal Expansion And The Ideal Gas Law 18 Kinetic Theory Of Gases 19 Heat And The First Law Of Thermodynamics 20 Second Law Of Thermodynamics 21 Electric Charge And Electric Field 22 Gauss's Law 23 Electric Potential 24 Capacitance, Dielectrics, Electric Energy Storage 25 Electric Currents And Resistance 26 Dc Circuits 27 Magnetism 28 Sources Of Magnetic Field 29 Electromagnetic Induction And Faraday's Law 30 Inductance, Electromagnetic Oscillations, And Ac Circuits 31 Maxwell's Equation And Electromagnetic Waves 32 Light: Reflection And Refraction 33 Lenses And Optical Instruments 34 The Wave Nature Of Light: Interference 35 Diffraction And Polarization 36 Special Theory Of Relativity 37 Early Quantum Theory And Models Of The Atom 38 Quantum Mechanics 39 Quantum Mechanics Of Atoms 40 Molecules And Solids 41 Nuclear Physics And Radioactivity 42 Nuclear Energy; Effects And Uses Of Radiation 43 Elementary Particles 44 Astrophysics And Cosmology expand_more
20.1 The Second Law Of Thermodynamics—introduction 20.2 Heat Engines 20.3 Reversible And Irreversible Processes; The Carnot Engine 20.4 Refrigerators, Air Conditioners, And Heat Pumps 20.5 Entropy 20.6 Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics 20.7 Order To Disorder 20.8 Unavailability Of Energy; Heat Death 20.9 Statistical Interpretation Of Entropy And The Second Law 20.10 Thermodynamic Temperature; Third Law Of Thermodynamics 20.11 Thermal Pollution, Global Warming, And Energy Resources Chapter Questions expand_more
Problem 1Q Problem 2Q: Can you warm a kitchen in winter by leaving the oven door open? Can you cool the kitchen on a hot... Problem 3Q: Would a definition of heat engine efficiency as e = W/QL be useful? Explain. Problem 4Q: What plays the role of high-temperature and low-temperature areas in (a) an internal combustion... Problem 5Q: Which will give the greater improvement in the efficiency of a Carnot engine, a 10 C increase in the... Problem 6Q: The oceans contain a tremendous amount of thermal (internal) energy. Why, in general, is it not... Problem 7Q: Discuss the factors that keep real engines from reaching Carnot efficiency. Problem 8Q Problem 9Q: Describe a process in nature that is nearly reversible. Problem 10Q: (a) Describe how heat could be added to a system reversibly. (b) Could you use a stove burner to add... Problem 11Q: Suppose a gas expands to twice its original volume (a) adiabatically, (b) isothermally. Which... Problem 12Q: Give three examples, other than those mentioned in this Chapter, of naturally occurring processes in... Problem 13Q: Which do you think has the greater entropy, 1 kg of solid iron or 1 kg of liquid iron? Why? Problem 14Q: (a) What happens if you remove the lid of a bottle containing chlorine gas? (b) Does the reverse... Problem 15Q Problem 16Q Problem 17Q Problem 18Q: The first law of thermodynamics is sometimes whimsically stated as. You cant get something for... Problem 19Q: Powdered milk is very slowly (quasistatically) added to water while being stirred. Is this a... Problem 20Q: Two identical systems are taken from state a to state b by two different irreversible processes.... Problem 21Q: It can he said that the total change in entropy during a process is a measure of the irreversibility... Problem 22Q: Use arguments, other than the principle of entropy increase, to show that for an adiabatic process,... Problem 1P: (I) A heat engine exhausts 7800 J of heat while performing 2600 J of useful work. What is the... Problem 2P: (I) A certain power plant puts out 580 MW of electric power. Estimate the heat discharged per... Problem 3P: (II) A typical compact car experiences a total drag force at 55 mi/h of about 350 N. If this car... Problem 4P: (II) A four-cylinder gasoline engine has an efficiency of 0.22 and delivers 180 J of work per cycle... Problem 5P: (II) The burning of gasoline in a car releases about 3.0 104 kcal/gal. If a car averages 38 km/gal... Problem 6P: (II) Figure 2017 is a PV diagram for a reversible heat engine in which 1.0 mol of argon, a nearly... Problem 7P: (III) The operation of a diesel engine can be idealized by the cycle shown in Fig. 20-18. Air is... Problem 8P: (I) What is the maximum efficiency of a heat engine whose operating temperatures are 550C and 365C? Problem 9P: (I) It is not necessary that a heat engines hot environment be hotter than ambient temperature.... Problem 10P: (II) A heal engine exhausts its heat at 340C and has a Carnot efficiency of 38%. What exhaust... Problem 11P: (II) (a) Show that the work done by a Carnot engine is equal to the area enclosed by the Carnot... Problem 12P: (II) A Carnot engines operating temperatures are 210C and 45C. The engines power output is 950 W.... Problem 13P: (II) A nuclear power plant operates at 65% of its maximum theoretical (Carnot) efficiency between... Problem 14P: (II) A Carnot engine performs work at the rate of 520kW with an input of 950 kcal of heat per... Problem 15P: (II) Assume that a 65 kg hiker needs 4.0 103 kcal of energy to supply a days worth of metabolism.... Problem 16P: (II) A particular car does work at the rate of about 7.0 kJ/s when traveling at a steady 20.0 m/s... Problem 17P: (II) A heat engine utilizes a heat source at 580C and has a Carnot efficiency of 32%. To increase... Problem 18P: (II) The working substance of a certain Carnot engine is 1.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas. During... Problem 19P: (III) A Carnot cycle, shown in Fig. 20-7, has the following conditions: Va = 7.5L, Vb = 15.0L, TH =... Problem 20P: (III) One mole of monatomic gas undergoes a Carnot cycle with TH = 350C and TL = 210C. The initial... Problem 21P: (III) In an engine that approximates the Otto cycle (Fig. 208), gasoline vapor must be ignited at... Problem 22P: (I) If an ideal refrigerator keeps its contents at 3.0C when the house temperature is 22C, what is... Problem 23P: (I) The low temperature of a freezer cooling coil is l5C and the discharge temperature is 33C. What... Problem 24P: (II) An ideal (Carnot) engine has an efficiency of 38%. If it were possible to run it backward as a... Problem 25P: (II) An ideal heal pump is used to maintain the inside temperature of a house Tin = 22C when the... Problem 26P: (II) A restaurant refrigerator has a coefficient of performance of 5.0, if the temperature in the... Problem 27P: (II) A heat pump is used to keep a house warm at 22C. How much work is required of the pump to... Problem 28P: (II) (a) Given that the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is defined (Eq. 204a) as... Problem 29P: (II) A Carnot refrigerator (reverse of a Carnot engine) absorbs heat from the freezer compartment at... Problem 30P: (II) A central heat pump updating as an air conditioner draws 33,000 Btu per hour from a building... Problem 31P: (II) What volume of water at 0C can a freezer make into ice cubes in 1.0 h, if the coefficient of... Problem 32P: (I) What is the change in entropy of 250g of steam at 100C when it is condensed to water at 100C? Problem 33P: (I) A 7.5-kg box having an initial speed of 4.0m/s slides along a rough table and comes to rest.... Problem 34P: (I) What is the change in entropy of 1.00 m3 of water at 0C when it is frozen to ice at 0C? Problem 35P: (II) If 1.00m3 of water at 0C is frozen and cooled to 10C by being in contact with a great deal of... Problem 36P: (II) If 0.45kg f water at 100C is changed by a reversible process to steam at 100, determine the... Problem 37P: (II) An aluminum rod conducts 9.50 cal/s from a heat source maintained at 225C to a large body of... Problem 38P: (II) A 2.8-kg piece of aluminum at 43.0C is placed in 1.0 kg of water in a Styrofoam container at... Problem 39P: (II) An ideal gas expands isothermally (T = 410 K) from a volume of 2.50 L and a pressure of 7.5 atm... Problem 40P: (II) When 2.0 kg of water at 12.0C is mixed with 3.0 kg of water at 38.0C in a well-insulated... Problem 41P: (II) (a) An ice cube of mass m at 0C is placed in a large 20C room. Heat flows (from the room to the... Problem 42P: (II) The temperature of 2.0mol of an ideal diatomic gas goes from 25C to 55C at a constant volume.... Problem 43P: (II) Calculate the change in entropy of 1.00kg of water when it is heated from 0C to 75C. (a) Make... Problem 44P: (II) An ideal gas of n moles undergoes the reversible process ab shown in the PV diagram of Fig.... Problem 45P: (II) Two samples of an ideal gas are initially at the same temperature and pressure. They are each... Problem 46P: (II) A 150-g insulated aluminum cup at 15C is filled with 2l5g of water at 100C. Determine (a) the... Problem 47P: (II) (a) Why would you expect the total entropy change in a Carnot cycle to be zero? (b) Do a... Problem 48P: (II) 1.00 mole of nitrogen (N2) gas and 1.00 mole of argon (Ar) gas are in separate, equal-sized,... Problem 49P: (II) Thermodynamic processes are sometimes represented on TS (temperatureentropy) diagrams, rather... Problem 50P: (III) The specific heat per mole of potassium at low temperatures is given by CV = aT + bT3, where a... Problem 51P: (III) Consider an ideal gas of n moles with molar specific heats CV and CP. (a) Starting with the... Problem 52P: (III) A general theorem states that the amount of energy that becomes unavailable to do useful work... Problem 53P: (III) Determine the work available in a 3.5-kg block of copper at 490 if the surroundings are at... Problem 54P: (I) Use Eq. 2014 to determine the entropy of each of the five macrostates listed in the Table on... Problem 55P: (II) Suppose that you repeatedly shake six coins in your hand and drop them on the floor. Construct... Problem 56P: (II) Calculate the relative probabilities, when you throw two I dice, of obtaining (a) a 7, (b) an... Problem 57P: (II) (a) Suppose you have four coins, all with tails up. You now rearrange them so two heads and two... Problem 58P Problem 59P: (II) Energy may be stored for use during peak demand by pumping water to a high reservoir when... Problem 60P: (II) Solar cells (Fig. 20-22) can produce about 40W of electricity per square meter of surface area... Problem 61P Problem 62GP: It has been suggested that a heat engine could be developed that made use of the temperature... Problem 63GP: A heat engine takes a diatomic gas around the cycle shown in Fig. 20-24. (a) Using the ideal gas... Problem 64GP: A 126.5-g insulated aluminum cup at 18.00C is filled with 132.5 g of water at 46.25C. After a few... Problem 65GP: (a) At a steam power plant, steam engines work in pairs, the heat output of the first one being the... Problem 66GP: (II) Refrigeration units can be rated in tons. A 1-ton air conditioning system can remove sufficient... Problem 67GP Problem 68GP: (a) What is the coefficient of performance of an ideal heat pump that extracts heat from 11 C air... Problem 69GP: The operation of a certain heat engine takes an ideal monatomic gas through a cycle shown as the... Problem 70GP: A car engine whose output power is 155 hp operates at about 15% efficiency. Assume the engines water... Problem 71GP: Suppose a power plant delivers energy at 850 MW using steam turbines. The steam goes into the... Problem 72GP: 1.00 mole of an ideal monatomic gas at STP first undergoes an isothermal expansion so that the... Problem 73GP: Two 1100-kg cars are traveling 75 km/h in opposite directions when they collide and are brought to... Problem 74GP: Metabolizing 1.0 kg of fat results in about 3.7 107 J of internal energy in the body. (a) In one... Problem 75GP: A cooling unit for a new freezer has an inner surface area of 6.0 m2, and is bounded by walls 12 cm... Problem 76GP Problem 77GP: The Stirling cycle shown in Fig 20-27, is useful to describe external combustion engines as well as... Problem 78GP: A gas turbine operates under the Brayton cycle, which is depicted in the PV diagram of Fig. 20-28.... Problem 79GP: Thermodynamic processes can be represented not only on PV and PT diagrams; another useful one is a... Problem 80GP: An aluminum can, with negligible heat capacity, is filled with 450 g of water at 0C and then is... Problem 81GP Problem 82GP: A bowl contains a large number of red, orange, and green jelly beans. You are to make a line of... format_list_bulleted